The entries in this dictionary are: Roots, Stems, Particles, and Affixes.

• Roots are the elements on which stems are formed. They are listed in the dictionary, but also in an appendix, each with the stems formed on them.
• Stems comprise the bulk of the dictionary. They are the elements that receive inflectional morphology. Stems are of three categories: intransitive, transitive, and middle.
• Intransitive stems are unmarked.
• Transitive stems are marked with one of five transitivizing suffixes (+nt, +st, +ɬt, +x(i)t, and +uɬt).
• Middle stems are marked with +m.
• Particles are uninflected forms. They comprise several subclasses: interjections, directionals, evidentials, and others, including inflectional proclitic particles.
• Affixes divide into two classes: derivational and inflectional.
• Derivational affixes form the stems of the language. They include lexical affixes, affixes that mark the semantic domains that map the physical and cultural world of the Colville-Okanagan (e.g. tree, water, spouse, child).
• Inflectional affixes include categories such as person, tense, aspect.

Person markers are of two categories: particles, and affixes. These markers define the grammatical class of the stems they attach to. There are two sets of person-markers, each with a subset of forms, as charted here.

Intransitive		Transitive
Intransitive	Double intransitive	subject	object
			object 1	object 2
kn‿ kʷ‿ Ø kʷu‿ p‿ Ø stem -lx	kʷu‿ i(n)-set form kʷ‿ i(n)-set form Ø stem i(n)-set form kʷu‿ i(n)-set form p‿ i(n)-set form Ø stem i(n)-set form -lx	-(í)n -(í)xʷ -(í)s -(í)m / -t -(í)p -(í)s stem -lx	kʷu‿ -s Ø kʷu‿ -ɬ(úl)m Ø	kʷu‿ -(ú)m Ø kʷu‿ -ɬ(úl)m Ø

Intransitive forms are unmarked in the third person. The other person markers are kn‿, kʷ‿, kʷu‿, p‿, as in the following examples:

• kn‿ilmixʷm "I am (a/the) chief."
• kʷ‿ʔayx̌ʷt "You are tired."
• xʷuy "(S)he went."
• kʷu‿wy̓cin "We finished eating."
• p sysyus "You (all) are smart."
• ʔaɬʔíɬn "They ate."

From an English point of view, these forms are inflected predicate verbals, predicate nominals, and predicate adjectivals. In Cv-Ok these are intransitive forms.

Double intransitive forms take two person markings, as exemplified here.

• kʷ‿in-lmixʷm "You are my chief."
• kʷu‿an-lʔíw "I am your father."
• tkɬmilxʷ-s "(She is) his woman."
• kʷ‿in-x̌mínk "I like you (lit. you are my "liking")."

Transitive forms take subject and object person markers. Here I chart 3rd person object forms of a strong (suffix-stressed) +nt paradigm. The subject markers are all suffixes as seen here. 3rd person object is Ø, while 1st person sg and pl are proclitic particles, and are exemplified in later charts:

+nt stem		weak +nt stem (suffix-stressed)
root	transitivizer	object marker	subject marker	full form	translation
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-in	cxʷntin	I held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-ixʷ	cxʷntixʷ	You held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-is	cxʷntis	(S)he held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-im	cxʷntim	We held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-ip	cxʷntip	You all held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-is-lx	cxʷntislx	They held/petted it.

Relations among stems. Intransitive stems are unmarked, and conjugate with the kn‿ or the i(n)- set of person markers. Intransitive stems can be made middle; they can also be made transitive. Transitive stems can be made middle and can be intransitivized (for the moment I am I am using "nominalized" and "intransitivized" interchangeably). The language accomplishes this syntactic dance with person markings. Each set of stems is defined by the person markers they require. Here are some examples to show the derivational range of stems:

gramm class	label	form	analyzed form	translation
kn‿ intransitive	Istem	qʷácqən	qʷacqn	a hat
i(n)- intransitive	Istem	inqʷácqən	in-qʷacqn	my hat
kn‿ middle	Mstem	qʷácqnəm	qʷacqn+m	I wear a hat
i(n)- middle	Mstem	iksíwm	i-ks-síw+m	I will ask her
transitive	Tstem	captíkʷɬtsən	captíkʷ+ɬt-s-n	I’ll tell you the story of ...
nominalized transitive	nTstem	ixíʔ kʷ ikscaptíkʷɬtəm	ixíʔ kʷ i-ks-captíkʷ+ɬt+m	This is the story I’m going to tell you.
middle	Mstem	uɬ p captíkʷləm	uɬ p captíkʷl+m	And you told Indian legends.
nominalized middle	nMstem	ixíʔ ikscaptíkʷləm	ixíʔ i-ks-captíkʷl+m	This is what I am going to tell him.

A few words to further explain the chart:

• the first four rows are exemples of intransitive and middle stems with the kn‿ and i(n)- sets of markers
• in the fifth row captíkʷl is the intransitive stem (kn‿ person inflection)
• in the sixtth row captíkʷlm is the middle stem (kn‿ person inflection, here with p‿ “you pl.”)
• in the seventh row captíkʷ+ɬt is the transitive stem (here with -s object person inflection, and -n subject person inflection “you I”)
• in the eighth row kʷ i-ks-captíkʷ+ɬt+m is the nominalized transitive form (stem + inflection: kʷ‿i- double intransitive person inflection, here with “you my”; ks- future; and the required final+m)
• in the last row i-ks-captíkʷ+m in the nominalized middle form (stem + inflection: i- double intransitive person marker ‘(s)he my...’; ks-future, and the required final+m).

Further, the language allows for intransitive and middle forms to be transitivized, and these transitive forms, in turn, to be nominalized. This chart shows more examples of intransitive stems, derived middle stems, transitive stem, and nominalized middle stems (nMstem).

gramm class	subclass	form	gloss	derived form	gramm class	translation
Intransitive	Istem	laprít	bridle	laprít+m	middle	put the bridle on
Intransitive	Istem			p̓iƛ̓+m	middle	pick bitteroot
Middle	nMstem	s+p̓iƛ̓+m	bitteroot	p̓iƛ̓+nt-xʷ	transitive	he cleaned bitterroot
Intransitive	Istem	kʷil	red	kʷil+nt+xʷ	transitive	you painted it red

The forms in the following chart are based on two different roots and show their derivational range (intransitive, middle, transitive).

intransitive	iscq̓áy̓	i-sc-q̓áy̓	what I wrote
middle	kən‿q̓əy̓ám t...	kn q̓y̓a+m t...	I wrote ...
transitive	q̓əy̓ntín	q̓y̓+nt+in	I wrote it
intransitive	iscƛ̓əʔám	i-sc-ƛ̓ʔa+m	what I fetched
middle	kən‿ƛ̓əʔám t...	kn ƛ̓ʔa+m t...	I fetched ...
transitive	ƛ̓aʔntín	ƛ̓aʔ+nt+ín	I fetched it

By definition transitive stems include a subject and an object person marker. As already stated, there are five transitive affixes, and here I present paradigms of each. These transitivizers form weak or strong stems. Weak stems are stressed on the suffix; strong stems on the root. Weak stems always show the transitivizing suffix, while strong stems lose it in some forms, as exemplified here. +nt is the most common transitivizer found in the language, and I begin with +nt paradigms. Full paradigms of all other transitive stems are given separately.

Transitive +nt stems. I begin with the paradigm of a weak stem based on the root √cxʷ.

+nt stem		weak +nt stem (suffix-stressed)
root	transitivizer	object marker	subject marker	full form	translation
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-in	cxʷntin	I held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-ixʷ	cxʷntixʷ	You held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-is	cxʷntis	(S)he held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-im	cxʷntim	We held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-ip	cxʷntip	You all held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-is-lx	cxʷntislx	They held/petted it.

Here is a chart of the forms based on the strong stem ciqnt "dig something" (with third person object). Again, the third person object marker is unmarked (Ø). These forms are stem-stressed, and the suffixes are vowelless. In addition, strong transitive stems do not display the transitivizer in the first and third person singular and in the third person plural.

+nt stem		strong +nt stem (stem-stressed)
root	transitivizer	object marker	subject marker	full form	translation
ciq	Ø	Ø	-n	ciqn	I dug it.
ciq	+nt	Ø	-xʷ	ciqntxʷ	You dug it.
ciq	Ø	Ø	-s	ciqs	(S)he dug it.
ciq	+nt	Ø	-m	ciqntm	We dug it.
ciq	+nt	Ø	-p	ciqntp	You all dug it.
ciq	Ø	Ø	-s-lx	ciqslx	They dug it.

Here are some examples of nominalized middle forms.

example in context	kʷu set	i- set	middle stem	translation
ixíʔ kʷ ikscaptíkʷləm.	kʷ	i-	ks-captíkʷl+m	That's [the story] I am going to tell you.
way̓ kʷ iscƛ̓aʔám.	kʷ	i-	sc-ƛ̓aʔá+m	Now I've come to get you.
way̓ kʷ scx̌lítəms yaʔ ylmíxʷəm.	kʷ	-s	ks-captíkʷl+m	The king sent for you.
ixíʔ uɬ iscƛ̓aʔám iksx̌áq̓əq̓.	Ø	i-	sc-ƛ̓aʔá+m	I came to collect my pay.

Nominalized transitive stems As described above, transitive stems can be made intransitive (nominalized) and inflected as double intransitives.

In this chart I give examples of each of the five types of nominalized transitives. As shown in the chart, the +nt+m forms surface as +n+m. All such pattern as strong stems, with stress on the root. The +tuɬt+m forms, as already pointed out, are always suffix-stressed (weak stems). The other nominalized transitives have both strong and weak stems as indicated.

trans	example in context	kʷu set	i- set	transitive stem	+m	translation
+nt (strong)	lut kʷu akskmálx̌aʔmnəm.	kʷu	a-	ks-k+málx̌aʔ+m+n(t)	+m	Don't lie about me!
+nt (strong)	t̓i istkʷəsəscínəmnəm.	Ø	i-	s-t+kʷs•scin+m+n(t)	+m	I was just joking with him.
+st (strong)	kʷu ascpáqmstəm.	kʷu	a-	sc-paq+m+st	+m	You punished me.
+st (strong)	kʷ iksk̓ʷúl̕əmstəm.	kʷ	i-	ks-k̓ʷul̕+m+st	+m	I’m going to make you work.
+st (weak)	kʷ iksxaʔtəmstím.	kʷ	i-	ks-xaʔt+m+st	+im	I’ll take care of you first.
+st (weak)	asqilxʷ nixʷ ilíʔ akstkxnəmstím.	Ø	a-	ks-t+kxn+m+st	+im	Put your Indianness along with it.
+ɬt (strong)	kʷ iksɬkím̓ɬtəm anlasmíst.	kʷ	i-	ks-ɬkím̓+ɬt	+m	I'm going to sew your shirt.
+ɬt (strong)	taɬt kʷu akɬʔúkʷɬtəm.	kʷu	a-	k-ɬ+ʔúkʷ+ɬt	+m	Bring it back to me!
+ɬt (weak)	lut kʷ t̓ iksɬək̓ʷɬtím astətməlscút.	kʷ	i-	ks-ɬk̓ʷ+ɬt	+im	I’m not going to string your beads.
+ɬt (weak)	cəm̓ ɬlaʔkín kʷ ikɬm̓ay̓ɬtím.	kʷ	i-	kɬ-m̓ay̓+ɬt	+im	Some other time I’ll tell you again.
+xt (strong)	kʷ iksənɬəxʷpúsxtəm.	kʷ	i-	ks-n+ɬxʷ+pus+xt	+m	I’m going to boil it for you.
+xt (strong)	kʷu aksk̓ʷúl̕xtəm t ikɬcítxʷ.	kʷu	a-	ks-k̓ʷúl̕+xt	+m	I want you to fix a house for me.
+xt (weak)	kʷ ikst̓uʔqxítəm	kʷ	i-	ks-t̓uʔq+xít	+m	I am going to break a piece for you.
+xt (weak)	axáʔ kʷ iksk̓əɬpaʔx̌xítəm	kʷ	i-	ks-k̓ɬ+paʔx̌+xít	+m	I’m going to give you something to think about.
+tuɬt (weak)	ixíʔ aksqʷəlqʷəltúɬtəm	Ø	a-	ks-qʷl•qʷl+tuɬt	+m	You want to teach your children about it.
+tuɬt (weak)	lut akskʷəlstúɬtəm	Ø	a-	kʷls+tuɬt	+m	Don’t send him after it!

Intransitive stems. The simplest intransitive stem is a 3rd person (marked by Ø) form. A few of these can occur without accompanying adjuncts (and form sentences), e.g. nis “s/he is gone;” k̓aw “it’s gone;” xʷuy “s/he left.” The norm is that an apposition or other adjunct(s) accompany an intransitive stem.

The major subcategories of intransitive stems are defined by their suffixes, for example +cut reflexive, +ils volitive, +imn habitual, +mist reflexive, +min instrumental, +nwixʷ reciprocal, +tn instrumental, +wilx developmental, +uɬ habitual. The labels are approximations, and I prefer to refer to each of these stems by its marker, thus, +cut stems, +ils stems, etc. All of them can be accessed from the "categories" tab in the online dictionary. Each will be discussed in detail in the reference grammar.

The formation of stems. While stems may consist only of a root, the norm is that suffixes and prefixes participate in the formation of stems. By way of example here I chart stems that consist of the root √kc, the suffix +x and one of four common prefixes that derive stems, to wit k+/t+; n+; k̓ɬ+; kɬ+. Stems with the directional prefixes c+ ‘this way,” ɬ+ ‘back; again,’ and the combination ɬc+ ‘back here’ are integrated in the list as daughters of the subentries with one of the four prefixes listed above, as are stems with lexical prefixes.

(+)root(+)	stem		approximate gloss
	extended intransitive	extended transitive
kic		c+kic+nt	bring s.t.
		ɬ+kic+nt	reach s.t. again
		ɬ+c+kic+nt	reach s.t. back here
kic+x			arrive some place
		kic+x+ɬt	get s.t. some place for ...
		kic+x+st	get s.t. or s.o. some place
	ɬ+kic+x		arrive back
		ɬ+kic+x+ɬt	take s.t. back
		ɬ+kic+x+st	take s.t. back
	c+kic+x		arrive here
		c+kic+x+ɬt	bring s.t. here
		c+kic+x+st	bring s.t. here
	ɬ+c+kic+x		arrive here again
t+kic		t+kic+nt	meet s.o.
	ɬ+t+kic	ɬ+t+kic+nt	meet s.o. again
	t+kc•kc nwixʷ		catch up with one another
n+kc	n+kckn̓aɬq		catch up with s.t. or s.o.
	n+kckn̓+wixʷ		overtake one another, meet
n+kc+x	n+kc+xus		reach a certain time
	ɬ+n+kc+xus		complete a cycle again
	n+kc+xiw̓s		fall in with, mingle
	ɬ+n+kc+xiw̓s		in the midst of again
k̓ɬ+kic		k̓ɬ+kic+nt	get to s.t. or s.o.
		k̓ɬ+kic+st	get to s.t. or s.o.
k̓ɬ+kic+x			manage to arrive
		k̓ɬ+kic+x+st	manage to take s.t. somewhere