The entries in this dictionary are: Roots, Stems, Particles, Affixes, and Phrasal entries.

• Roots are the elements on which stems are formed. They are listed in the dictionary, but also in an appendix, each with the stems formed on them.
• Stems comprise the bulk of the dictionary. They are the elements that receive inflectional morphology. Stems are of three categories: intransitive, transitive, and middle.
• Intransitive stems are unmarked.
• Transitive stems are marked with one of five transitivizing suffixes (+nt, +st, +ɬt, +x(i)t, and +uɬt).
• Middle stems are marked with +m.
• Particles are uninflected forms. They comprise several subclasses: interjections, directionals, evidentials, and others, including inflectional proclitic particles.
• Affixes divide into two classes: derivational and inflectional.
• Derivational affixes form the stems of the language. They include lexical affixes, affixes that mark the semantic domains that map the physical and cultural world of the Colville-Okanagan (e.g. tree, water, spouse, child).
• Inflectional affixes include categories such as person, tense, aspect.
• Phrasal entries are entries that include two or three elements (words).

Person markers correlate with the grammatical classes of the stem they attach to, and determine how stems can shift between classes. Person markers are of two categories: particles, and affixes.

There are two sets of person-markers, each with a subset of forms, as charted here. The markers of middle stems are the same as the markers of intransitive stems.

Intransitive		Transitive
Intransitive	Double intransitive	subject	object
			object 1	object 2
kn‿ kʷ‿ Ø kʷu‿ p‿ Ø stem -lx	kʷu‿ i(n)-set form kʷ‿ i(n)-set form Ø stem i(n)-set form kʷu‿ i(n)-set form p‿ i(n)-set form Ø stem i(n)-set form -lx	-(í)n -(í)xʷ -(í)s -(í)m / -t -(í)p -(í)s stem -lx	kʷu‿ -s Ø kʷu‿ -ɬ(úl)m Ø	kʷu‿ -(ú)m Ø kʷu‿ -ɬ(úl)m Ø

Intransitive forms are unmarked in the third person. The other person markers are kn‿, kʷ‿, kʷu‿, p‿, as in the following examples:

• kn‿ilmixʷm "I am (a/the) chief."
• kʷ‿ʔayx̌ʷt "You are tired."
• xʷuy "(S)he went."
• kʷu‿wy̓cin "We finished eating."
• p sysyus "You (all) are smart."
• ʔaɬʔíɬn "They ate."

From an English point of view, these forms are inflected predicate verbals, predicate nominals, and predicate adjectivals. In Cv-Ok these are intransitive forms.

Double intransitive forms take two person markings, as exemplified here.

• kʷ‿in-lmixʷm "You are my chief."
• kʷu‿an-lʔíw "I am your father."
• tkɬmilxʷ-s "(She is) his woman."
• kʷ‿in-x̌mínk "I like you (lit. you are my "liking")."

Transitive forms take subject and object person markers. Here I chart 3rd person object forms of a strong (suffix-stressed) +nt paradigm. The subject markers are all suffixes as seen here. 3rd person object is Ø, while 1st person sg and pl are proclitic particles, and are exemplified in later charts:

+nt stem		weak +nt stem (suffix-stressed)
root	transitivizer	object marker	subject marker	full form	translation
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-in	cxʷntin	I held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-ixʷ	cxʷntixʷ	You held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-is	cxʷntis	(S)he held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-im	cxʷntim	We held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-ip	cxʷntip	You all held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-is-lx	cxʷntislx	They held/petted it.

Relations among stems. Intransitive stems are unmarked, and conjugate with the kn‿ or the i(n)- set of person markers. Intransitive stems can be made middle; they can also be made transitive. Transitive stems can be made middle and can be intransitivized (for the moment I am I am using "nominalized" and "intransitivized" interchangeably). The language accomplishes this syntactic dance with person markings. Each set of stems is defined by the person markers they require. Here are some examples to show the derivational range of stems:

gramm class	label	form	analyzed form	translation
kn‿ intransitive	Istem	qʷácqən	qʷacqn	a hat
i(n)- intransitive	Istem	inqʷácqən	in-qʷacqn	my hat
kn‿ middle	Mstem	qʷácqnəm	qʷacqn+m	I wear a hat
i(n)- middle	Mstem	iksíwm	i-ks-síw+m	I will ask her
transitive	Tstem	captíkʷɬtsən	captíkʷ+ɬt-s-n	I’ll tell you the story of ...
nominalized transitive	nTstem	ixíʔ kʷ ikscaptíkʷɬtəm	ixíʔ kʷ i-ks-captíkʷ+ɬt+m	This is the story I’m going to tell you.
middle	Mstem	uɬ p captíkʷləm	uɬ p captíkʷl+m	And you told Indian legends.
nominalized middle	nMstem	ixíʔ ikscaptíkʷləm	ixíʔ i-ks-captíkʷl+m	This is what I am going to tell him.

A few words to further explain the chart:

• the first four rows are exemples of intransitive and middle stems with the kn‿ and i(n)- sets of markers
• in the fifth row captíkʷl is the intransitive stem (kn‿ person inflection)
• in the sixtth row captíkʷlm is the middle stem (kn‿ person inflection, here with p‿ “you pl.”)
• in the seventh row captíkʷ+ɬt is the transitive stem (here with -s object person inflection, and -n subject person inflection “you I”)
• in the eighth row kʷ i-ks-captíkʷ+ɬt+m is the nominalized transitive form (stem + inflection: kʷ‿i- double intransitive person inflection, here with “you my”; ks- future; and the required final+m)
• in the last row i-ks-captíkʷ+m in the nominalized middle form (stem + inflection: i- double intransitive person marker ‘(s)he my...’; ks-future, and the required final+m).

Further, the language allows for intransitive and middle forms to be transitivized, and these transitive forms, in turn, to be nominalized. This chart shows more examples of intransitive stems, derived middle stems, transitive stem, and nominalized middle stems (nMstem).

gramm class	subclass	form	gloss	derived form	gramm class	translation
Intransitive	Istem	laprít	bridle	laprít+m	middle	put the bridle on
Intransitive	Istem			p̓iƛ̓+m	middle	pick bitteroot
Middle	nMstem	s+p̓iƛ̓+m	bitteroot	p̓iƛ̓+nt-xʷ	transitive	you cleaned bitterroot
Intransitive	Istem	kʷil	red	kʷil+nt+xʷ	transitive	you painted it red

The forms in the following chart are based on two different roots and show their derivational range (intransitive, middle, transitive).

intransitive	iscq̓áy̓	i-sc-q̓áy̓	what I wrote
middle	kən‿q̓əy̓ám t...	kn q̓y̓a+m t...	I wrote ...
transitive	q̓əy̓ntín	q̓y̓+nt+in	I wrote it
intransitive	iscƛ̓əʔám	i-sc-ƛ̓ʔa+m	what I fetched
middle	kən‿ƛ̓əʔám t...	kn ƛ̓ʔa+m t...	I fetched ...
transitive	ƛ̓aʔntín	ƛ̓aʔ+nt+ín	I fetched it

By definition transitive stems include a subject and an object person marker. As already stated, there are five transitive affixes, and here I present paradigms of each. These transitivizers form weak or strong stems. Weak stems are stressed on the suffix; strong stems on the root. Weak stems always show the transitivizing suffix, while strong stems lose it in some forms, as exemplified here. +nt is the most common transitivizer found in the language, and I begin with +nt paradigms. Full paradigms of all other transitive stems are given separately.

Transitive +nt stems. I begin with the paradigm of a weak stem based on the root √cxʷ.

+nt stem		weak +nt stem (suffix-stressed)
root	transitivizer	object marker	subject marker	full form	translation
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-in	cxʷntin	I held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-ixʷ	cxʷntixʷ	You held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-is	cxʷntis	(S)he held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-im	cxʷntim	We held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-ip	cxʷntip	You all held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-is-lx	cxʷntislx	They held/petted it.

Here is a chart of the forms based on the strong stem ciqnt "dig something" (with third person object). Again, the third person object marker is unmarked (Ø). These forms are stem-stressed, and the suffixes are vowelless. In addition, strong transitive stems do not display the transitivizer in the first and third person singular and in the third person plural.

+nt stem		strong +nt stem (stem-stressed)
root	transitivizer	object marker	subject marker	full form	translation
ciq	Ø	Ø	-n	ciqn	I dug it.
ciq	+nt	Ø	-xʷ	ciqntxʷ	You dug it.
ciq	Ø	Ø	-s	ciqs	(S)he dug it.
ciq	+nt	Ø	-m	ciqntm	We dug it.
ciq	+nt	Ø	-p	ciqntp	You all dug it.
ciq	Ø	Ø	-s-lx	ciqslx	They dug it.

Here are some examples of nominalized middle forms.

example in context	kʷu set	i- set	middle stem	translation
ixíʔ kʷ ikscaptíkʷləm.	kʷ	i-	ks-captíkʷl+m	That's [the story] I am going to tell you.
way̓ kʷ iscƛ̓aʔám.	kʷ	i-	sc-ƛ̓aʔá+m	Now I've come to get you.
way̓ kʷ scx̌lítəms yaʔ ylmíxʷəm.	kʷ	-s	ks-captíkʷl+m	The king sent for you.
ixíʔ uɬ iscƛ̓aʔám iksx̌áq̓əq̓.	Ø	i-	sc-ƛ̓aʔá+m	I came to collect my pay.

Nominalized transitive stems As described above, transitive stems can be made intransitive (nominalized) and inflected as double intransitives.

In this chart I give examples of each of the five types of nominalized transitives. As shown in the chart, the +nt+m forms surface as +n+m. All such pattern as strong stems, with stress on the root. The +tuɬt+m forms, as already pointed out, are always suffix-stressed (weak stems). The other nominalized transitives have both strong and weak stems as indicated.

trans	example in context	kʷu set	i- set	transitive stem	+m	translation
+nt (strong)	lut kʷu akskmálx̌aʔmnəm.	kʷu	a-	ks-k+málx̌aʔ+m+n(t)	+m	Don't lie about me!
+nt (strong)	t̓i istkʷəsəscínəmnəm.	Ø	i-	s-t+kʷs•scin+m+n(t)	+m	I was just joking with him.
+st (strong)	kʷu ascpáqmstəm.	kʷu	a-	sc-paq+m+st	+m	You punished me.
+st (strong)	kʷ iksk̓ʷúl̕əmstəm.	kʷ	i-	ks-k̓ʷul̕+m+st	+m	I’m going to make you work.
+st (weak)	kʷ iksxaʔtəmstím.	kʷ	i-	ks-xaʔt+m+st	+im	I’ll take care of you first.
+st (weak)	asqilxʷ nixʷ ilíʔ akstkxnəmstím.	Ø	a-	ks-t+kxn+m+st	+im	Put your Indianness along with it.
+ɬt (strong)	kʷ iksɬkím̓ɬtəm anlasmíst.	kʷ	i-	ks-ɬkím̓+ɬt	+m	I'm going to sew your shirt.
+ɬt (strong)	taɬt kʷu akɬʔúkʷɬtəm.	kʷu	a-	k-ɬ+ʔúkʷ+ɬt	+m	Bring it back to me!
+ɬt (weak)	lut kʷ t̓ iksɬək̓ʷɬtím astətməlscút.	kʷ	i-	ks-ɬk̓ʷ+ɬt	+im	I’m not going to string your beads.
+ɬt (weak)	cəm̓ ɬlaʔkín kʷ ikɬm̓ay̓ɬtím.	kʷ	i-	kɬ-m̓ay̓+ɬt	+im	Some other time I’ll tell you again.
+xt (strong)	kʷ iksənɬəxʷpúsxtəm.	kʷ	i-	ks-n+ɬxʷ+pus+xt	+m	I’m going to boil it for you.
+xt (strong)	kʷu aksk̓ʷúl̕xtəm t ikɬcítxʷ.	kʷu	a-	ks-k̓ʷúl̕+xt	+m	I want you to fix a house for me.
+xt (weak)	kʷ ikst̓uʔqxítəm	kʷ	i-	ks-t̓uʔq+xít	+m	I am going to break a piece for you.
+xt (weak)	axáʔ kʷ iksk̓əɬpaʔx̌xítəm	kʷ	i-	ks-k̓ɬ+paʔx̌+xít	+m	I’m going to give you something to think about.
+tuɬt (weak)	ixíʔ aksqʷəlqʷəltúɬtəm	Ø	a-	ks-qʷl•qʷl+tuɬt	+m	You want to teach your children about it.
+tuɬt (weak)	lut akskʷəlstúɬtəm	Ø	a-	kʷls+tuɬt	+m	Don’t send him after it!

Intransitive stems. The simplest intransitive stem is a 3rd person (marked by Ø) form. A few of these can occur without accompanying adjuncts (and form sentences), e.g. nis s/he is gone; k̓aw it’s gone; xʷuy s/he left. The norm is that an apposition or other adjunct(s) accompany an intransitive stem.

The major subcategories of intransitive stems are defined by their suffixes, for example +cut reflexive, +ils volitive, +imn habitual, +mist reflexive, +min instrumental, +nwixʷ reciprocal, +tn instrumental, +wilx developmental, +uɬ habitual. The labels are approximations, and I prefer to refer to each of these stems by its marker, thus, +cut stems, +ils stems, etc. All of them can be accessed from the "categories" tab in the online dictionary. Each will be discussed in detail in the reference grammar.

The formation of stems. While stems may consist only of a root, the norm is that suffixes and prefixes participate in the formation of stems. By way of example here I chart stems that consist of the root √kc, the suffix +x and one of four common prefixes that derive stems, to wit k+/t+; n+; k̓ɬ+; kɬ+. Stems with the directional prefixes c+ this way, ɬ+ back; again, and the combination ɬc+ back here are integrated in the list as daughters of the subentries with one of the four prefixes listed above, as are stems with lexical prefixes.

(+)root(+)	stem		approximate gloss
	extended intransitive	extended transitive
kic		c+kic+nt	bring s.t.
		ɬ+kic+nt	reach s.t. again
		ɬ+c+kic+nt	reach s.t. back here
kic+x			arrive some place
		kic+x+ɬt	get s.t. some place for ...
		kic+x+st	get s.t. or s.o. some place
	ɬ+kic+x		arrive back
		ɬ+kic+x+ɬt	take s.t. back
		ɬ+kic+x+st	take s.t. back
	c+kic+x		arrive here
		c+kic+x+ɬt	bring s.t. here
		c+kic+x+st	bring s.t. here
	ɬ+c+kic+x		arrive here again
t+kic		t+kic+nt	meet s.o.
	ɬ+t+kic	ɬ+t+kic+nt	meet s.o. again
	t+kc•kc nwixʷ		catch up with one another
n+kc	n+kckn̓aɬq		catch up with s.t. or s.o.
	n+kckn̓+wixʷ		overtake one another, meet
n+kc+x	n+kc+xus		reach a certain time
	ɬ+n+kc+xus		complete a cycle again
	n+kc+xiw̓s		fall in with, mingle
	ɬ+n+kc+xiw̓s		in the midst of again
k̓ɬ+kic		k̓ɬ+kic+nt	get to s.t. or s.o.
		k̓ɬ+kic+st	get to s.t. or s.o.
k̓ɬ+kic+x			manage to arrive
		k̓ɬ+kic+x+st	manage to take s.t. somewhere

Compound stems. Intransitive, middle, and transitive stems may be compounds, i.e. stems that include two roots. Numerals above ten are compound intransitive stems, e.g. ʔupənkstɬkaʔɬís thirteen. sq̓əlq̓əlsc̓ímx one with arthritis and spəx̌pəx̌ɬk̓ʷúl̕mən computer are nominalized intransitive compound stems. nk̓ʷsiwsnt drink in one gulp is a transitive compound stem. km̓sqlaw̓m to take away money or reward; to obtain money without working for it is a compound middle stem.

Most compounds include as first member a small number of roots, to wit k̓ʷl make, do; wy̓ finish, xaʔt first, ʔaw, k̓aw go, taʔxʷ and its variant taw, obtain; slxʷaʔ large; here exemplified in a chart.

base root	compound stem	gloss	stemType
k̓ʷl	k̓ʷl̕ɬtanm̓úsm	squander	Mstem
	k̓ʷl̕tk̓k̓xʷumst	roll s.t. into a ball	Tstem
	k̓ʷl̕ckʷink	make a bow	Istem
wy̓	wy̓sk̓ɬpaʔx̌nt	finish deliberating	Tstem
	wy̓sx̌ʷíc̓laʔxʷm	finish cutting s.t.	Mstem
	wy̓sx̌cmncut	finish getting ready	Istem
xaʔt	xaʔtɬwíknt	see s.t. for the first time	Tstem
	xaʔtɬqʷlqʷílt	be the first to talk	Istem
ʔaw/k̓aw	ʔawsk̓ʷúl̕nt	go tend to s.t	Tstem
	ʔawsk̓ɬchám	go set watch	Mstem
	ʔawsʔíɬn	go eat	Istem
	k̓awsʔíɬn	go eat	Istem
	k̓awsk̓níyaʔ	go listen	Istem
	k̓awsk̓níyaʔ	go listen	Istem
	k̓awsm̓aʔm̓áyaʔm	go to school	Mstem
taʔxʷ/taw	tawspikst	obtain gloves	Istem
	taʔxʷsl̕áx̌tmnt	acquire a friend	Tstem
	taʔxʷsqʷíylpm	get a bed of boughs	Mstem
	taʔxʷsqʷsíʔ	get a son	Istem
slxʷaʔ	slxʷaʔspuʔús	to be generous	Istem
	slxʷaʔsqílt	a large body	Istem

Particles will be discussed here.

The affixes of the Cv-Ok language divide in two classes: inflectional, and derivational. Derivational affixes include a subclass of lexical affixes.

Inflectional affixes divide into these subclasses:

• person markers
• tense and aspect
• mood

The person markers of the language form heterogeneous sets of affixes and inflectional proclitic particles.

Here I discuss and exemplify the affixes that mark person reference. The inflectional proclitic markers (first person singular and plural objects) are discussed in the particle section.

The paradigms of the person marking affixes are:

• i- set of intransitive person markers.
• in- set of intransitive person markers
• a set of transitive subject person markers, labeled erg.
• two sets of transitive object marker, labeled obj. The -s "second person object" occurs with the +nt and +ɬt transitive stems; the -um "second person object" occurs with the +st and +x(i)t transitive stems.

entry	variant	gloss	definition	example	translation
i-		1i	first person singular of the i- paradigm	iswíkəm	What I have seen.
a-		2i	second person singular of the i- paradigm	aksknxítəm	You will help.
-s	-c	3i	third person singular of the i- paradigm	ksm̓aʔm̓áyaʔms	She's teaching him.
-c	-s	3i	variant of -s third person of the i- paradigm after stems that end in s	ɬəɬnísc	He left again.
-tt		4i	first person plural of the i- paradigm	sk̓ʷúl̕əmtət	Let's do it.
-mp	-p	5i	second person plural of the i- paradigm	kɬxəwíɬəmp	Your way to get out.
-p	-mp	5i	variant of -mp second person plural of the i- paradigm after m	kʷu səc̓amnámp	You are feeding me.
i-	in-	1in	first person singular of the in- paradigm	inɬɬáxʷ	My dress
i-	in-	1in	1in n-less variant of in- first person singular of the in- paradigm before stems that begin with s, n, and kin terms that begin in ɬ	iɬqáqca	My older brother
an-	a-	2in	second singular of the in- set of paradigm	ank̓ʷúl̕tən	Your birthday.
a-	an-	2in	n-less variant of in- first person singular of the in- paradigm before stems that begin with s, n, and kin terms that begin in ɬ	aɬqáqcaʔ	Your older brother.
-s	-c	3in	third person singular of the in- paradigm	iʔ kilxs	Her hand.
-c	-s	3in	3in third person singular of the in- paradigm after stems that end in s, ɬ	iʔ captíkʷɬc.	Its story.
-tt		4in	first person plural of the in- paradigm	iʔ sqílxʷtət	Our people.
-mp	-p	5in	second person plural of the i- paradigm	iʔ st̓ík̓ləmp	Your food.
-p	-mp	5in	second person plural of the in- paradigm after m	iʔ sc̓imp	Your bones.
-in	-n	1erg	first person singular transitive subject marker	ckʷəntín	I pulled it.
-n	-in	1erg	vowelless variant of -in first person transitive subject marker	ʔíp̓ən	I wiped it.
-aʕn	-in, -n	1erg	variant of the first singular transitive subject marker with pharyngeal movement	mələntáʕn	I put (butter) on it.
-ixʷ	-xʷ	2erg	second person singular transitive subject marker	ƛ̓aʔntíxʷ	You fetched it.
-xʷ	-ixʷ	2erg	vowelless variant of the second person singular transitive subject marker	wíkəntxʷ	You saw it.
-aʕxʷ	-ixʷ	2erg	variant of the second person singular transitive subject marker with pharyngeal movement	c̓ənmstáʕxʷ	You tightened it.
-is	-s	3erg	third person singular transitive subject marker	t̓ləntís	He tore it.
-s	-is	3erg	vowelless variant of the third person singular transitive subject marker	kʷu cus	She told me.
-aʕs	-is	3erg	variant of the third person transitive subject marker with pharyngeal movement	p̓əc̓ntáʕs	He sprayed it.
-im	-m	4erg	first person plural transitive subject marker	xʷaʔntím	We pick it up.
-m	-im	4erg	vowelless variant of the first person plural subject of transitive stems	ksmipnúntəm	We will learn it.
-it	-t	4erg	variant of the first person plural transitive subject marker in forms with second person singular object	c̓əlxəntsít	We grabbed you.
-ip	-p	5erg	second person plural transitive subject marker	cmystip	You all know
-p	-ip	5erg	vowelless variant of the second person plural transitive subject marker	kʷu cuntp	You told me.
-um	-m	2obj	second person singular object of the +st and +x(i)t paradigms	ctk̓əlk̓əlstúms	They have been expecting you.
-m	-um	2obj	vowelless variant of the second person singular object of the +st and +x(i)t paradigms	qʷim̓ˑstmən	I surprised you.
-s		2obj	second person singular object of the +nt and +ɬt transitive paradigms	cuntsn	I said to you.
-s		3erg2obj	third person subject and second person object of transitive forms (the coalescence of -s-s)	tk̓ík̓tmnts	She's near you.
-im	-m	6erg4obj	third person plural subject and first person plural object	kʷu ƛ̓xʷəntím	They will kill us.
-m	-im	6erg4obj	vowelless variant of the third person plural subject and first person plural object	kʷu nkcníkəntəm	They might overtake us.
-ɬulm	-ɬm	5obj	second person plural object of transitive stems	kəxɬúlmən	I'll go with you.
-ɬm	-ɬulm	5obj	vowelless variant of second person plural object of transitive stems	ɬwíɬmən	I'm leaving you.
-im	-m	indef	the passive or indefinite marker: an indefinite agent acting on a subject patient	t̓k̓ʷəntím sənk̓líp	Coyote was given (the responsibility)
-m	-im	indef	the passive or indefinite marker: an indefinite agent acting on a subject patient	kʷu səck̓ʷənk̓ʷínəm	We are being studied.

The classes of the tense/aspect morphemes of the language are:

• actual (act)
• customary (cust)
• durative (dur)
• future (fut)
• habitual (hab)
• imperfective (impf)
• inceptive (incp)
• perfective (perf)
• progressive (prog)
• purpose (purp)

entry	variant	gloss	definition	example	translation
i-		1i	first person singular of the i- paradigm	iswíkəm	What I have seen.
a-		2i	second person singular of the i- paradigm	aksknxítəm	You will help.
-s	-c	3i	third person singular of the i- paradigm	ksm̓aʔm̓áyaʔms	She's teaching him.
-c	-s	3i	variant of -s third person of the i- paradigm after stems that end in s	ɬəɬnísc	He left again.
-tt		4i	first person plural of the i- paradigm	sk̓ʷúl̕əmtət	Let's do it.
-mp	-p	5i	second person plural of the i- paradigm	kɬxəwíɬəmp	Your way to get out.
-p	-mp	5i	variant of -mp second person plural of the i- paradigm after m	kʷu səc̓amnámp	You are feeding me.
in-	in-	1in	variant of in- first person singular of the in- paradigm before stems that begin with s, n, and kin terms that begin in ɬ	inɬɬáxʷ	My dress
i-	in-	1in	1in n-less variant of in- first person singular of the in- paradigm before stems that begin with s, n, and kin terms that begin in ɬ	iɬqáqca	My older brother
an-	a-	2in	second person singular of the in- set of paradigm	ank̓ʷúl̕tən	Your birthday.
a-	an-	2in	variant of in- first person singular of the in- paradigm before stems that begin with s, n, and kin terms that begin in ɬ	aɬqáqcaʔ	Your older brother.
-s	-c	3in	third person singular of the in- paradigm	iʔ kilxs	Her hand.
-c	-s	3in	third person singular of the in- paradigm after stems that end in s, ɬ	iʔ captíkʷɬc.	Its story.
-tt		4in	first person plural of the in- paradigm	iʔ sqílxʷtət	Our people.
-mp	-p	5in	second person plural of the in- paradigm	iʔ st̓ík̓ləmp	Your food.
-mp	-p	5in	second person plural of the i- paradigm	kɬc̓q̓ílnəmp	Your arrows to be.
-p	-mp	5in	second person plural of the in- paradigm after m	iʔ sc̓imp	Your bones.
-in	-n	1erg	first person singular transitive subject marker	ckʷəntín	I pulled it.
-n	-in	1erg	vowelless variant of -in first person transitive subject marker	ʔíp̓ən	I wiped it.
-aʕn	-in, -n	1erg	variant of the first singular transitive subject marker with pharyngeal movement	mələntáʕn	I put (butter) on it.
-ixʷ	-xʷ	2erg	second person singular transitive subject marker	ƛ̓aʔntíxʷ	You fetched it.
-xʷ	-ixʷ	2erg	vowelless variant of the second person singular transitive subject marker	wíkəntxʷ	You saw it.
-aʕxʷ	-ixʷ	2erg	variant of the second person singular transitive subject marker with pharyngeal movement	c̓ənmstáʕxʷ	You tightened it.
-is	-s	3erg	third person singular transitive subject marker	t̓ləntís	He tore it.
-s	-is	3erg	vowelless variant of the third person singular transitive subject marker	kʷu cus	She told me.
-aʕs	-is	3erg	variant of the third person transitive subject marker with pharyngeal movement	p̓əc̓ntáʕs	He sprayed it.
-im	-m	4erg	first person plural transitive subject marker	xʷaʔntím	We pick it up.
-m	-im	4erg	vowelless variant of the first person plural subject of transitive stems	ksmipnúntəm	We will learn it.
-it	-t	4erg	variant of the first person plural transitive subject marker in forms with second person singular object	c̓əlxəntsít	We grabbed you.
-ip	-p	5erg	second person plural transitive subject marker	cmystip	You all know
-p	-ip	5erg	vowelless variant of the second person plural transitive subject marker	kʷu cuntp	You told me.
-um	-m	2obj	second person singular object of the +st and +x(i)t paradigms	ctk̓əlk̓əlstúms	They have been expecting you.
-m	-um	2obj	vowelless variant of the second person singular object of the +st and +x(i)t paradigms	qʷim̓ˑstmən	I surprised you.
-s		2obj	second person singular object of the +nt and +ɬt transitive paradigms	cuntsn	I said to you.
-s		3erg2obj	third person subject and second person object of transitive forms (the coalescence of -s-s)	tk̓ík̓tmnts	She's near you.
-im	-m	6erg4obj	third person plural subject and first person plural object	kʷu ƛ̓xʷəntím	They will kill us.
-m	-im	6erg4obj	vowelless variant of the third person plural subject and first person plural object	kʷu nkcníkəntəm	They might overtake us.
-ɬulm	-ɬm	5obj	second person plural object of weak (suffix stressed) transitive stems	kəxɬúlmən	I'll go with you.
-ɬm	-ɬulm	5obj	vowelless variant of second person plural object of transitive stems	ɬwíɬmən	I'm leaving you.
-im	-m	indef	the passive or indefinite marker: an indefinite agent acting on a subject patient	t̓k̓ʷəntím sənk̓líp	Coyote was given (the responsibility)
-m	-im	indef	the passive or indefinite marker: an indefinite agent acting on a subject patient	kʷu səck̓ʷənk̓ʷínəm	We are being studied.

Mood to be added

Derivational affixes are marked by the boundary +. I have already discussed the transitivizers. Here I give examples of the +st causative suffix.

+st causative

affix	root	stem	gloss
+st	√cʕn	+st caʕn+m+st	make tight
	√kc	c+kic+st	bring
	√lkʷ	lkʷ+ilx+st	remove
	√ƛ̓l	ƛ̓l+p+st	stop s.o.
	√mrm	mrim+st	doctor
	√mt	mut+st	set down

+st intransitive is found in these forms:

affix	root	stem	gloss
+st	√sw̓	caʔ+síw̓+st	drink pl.
	√k̓ʷl̓	k̓ʷul̓+st	train, turn into
	√mrm	sc+mrim+st	recover(y)
	√sx̌ʷ	sx̌ʷ+stus	downhill.

Here I exemplify three affixes (+nu(n), +xix, and+mi(n), that prepare stems for transitivization, i.e. affixes that are added before one of the transitive suffixes.

+nu(n) readies stems for transitivizationwith the added notion of (1) accidentally; and (2) manage to.

affix	root	gloss	stem	gloss
+nu(n)	√kʷn	take	kʷn+nu+trans	be able to take or catch s.t.; manage to take s.t.
			ɬ+kʷn+nu++trans	to be able to take or catch s.t. back; to manage to take s.t. again.
	√k̓ʷƛ̓	take apart	k̓ʷƛ̓•ƛ̓+nu++trans	to loosen s.t.
	√lɣ	pierce	lɣ+p+nu++trans	to manage to shoot with an arrow or spear
			lɣ•ɣ+p+nu++trans	to hit s.o. with a shot.
	√lxʷ	hurt	lxʷ+p+nu+trans	to manage to hurt s.o.
	√ɬx̌ʷp / √ɬx̌ʷp̓	escape	ɬx̌ʷp+nu+trans	to let s.o. or s.t. escape, get away
			ɬx̌ʷp̓+nu+trans	to manage to let s.o. loose
	√ƛ̓l	stop, dead	ƛ̓l•l+nu+trans	to manage to kill s.t. or s.o.
			ƛ̓l+nu+trans	to manage to kill s.o.
			ƛ̓l+p+nu+trans	to manage to stop s.o.
	√ƛ̓xʷ	kill many	ƛ̓xʷ•xʷ+nu+trans	to manage to kill several
	√ƛ̓x̌	rear, raise	ƛ̓x̌+p+nu+trans	to manage to rear s.o.

+xix(+m)¹ with unclear allomorphy, changes the roles of the arguments (not fully understood).

affix	root	gloss	stem	gloss
+xíx(m)	√k̓ʷn	show	k̓ʷn+s+xíxm+trans	show somebody s.t.
	√kʷɬn	lend / borrow	kʷɬn+xíxm+trans	lend s.t. out to somebody
	√mʕʷ	break	maʕʷ+xíxm+trans	break s.t. of someone else's
	√kʷp	pass on	t+kʷp+xíxm+trans	pass s.t. on
	√x̌ʔn	keep away	c+t+x̌aʔn+xíxm+trans	keep s.t. away from somebody

+x occurs in several intransitive stems, and remains further unexplained. It is not clear if the final +x of the last three examples is part of the root:

root	gloss	stem	gloss
√kc	reach	c+kic+x	arrive here
√ʔx̌l	how	c+ʔx̌il+x	ʔx̌il do a certain way
√kʷn	sing	n+kʷni+x	sing
√pl(x)	enter	n+p•pilx	pl. enter
√ʔm(x)	move	ʔimx	move
√k̓ʷɬ(x)	startle	k̓ʷɬax	startle

+mi(n)+trans.²

affix	root	gloss	stem	gloss
+m(i)(n)	√tq	touch, stack	tq+mi+trans	put down
	√cq̓	hit	cq̓+mi+trans	throw
	√ʔyx̌ʷ	tire(d)	ʔayx̌ʷt+mn+trans	tire of3
	√lkʷ	far	k+lkʷ•kʷ+mi+trans	remove s.t.
			k+lkʷ•kʷxn+mi+trans	travel far to
	√c̓l	single upright object	k+c̓l•l+min+trans	stand close to
	√plx	camp	k+pulx+mn+trans	camp with s.o.
	√c̓l	single upright object	k+c̓l•l+min+trans	stand close to s.o.
	√xʷy	go	t+xʷuy+mn+trans	go up to s.o.

+min+m stems are middle stems:

affix	root	gloss	stem	gloss
+min+m	√c̓x	bashful, ashamed	c̓aʔx+mín+m	be ashamed of
	√k̓t	near	k̓t+min+m	get close to
	√mʔ	bother	maʔ+mín+m	send away
	√qm	calm	kɬ+qm+(m)ín+miʔst	lie on

+m(i)n forms intransitive stems that most commonly (not always) carry an instrumental meaning:

affix	root	gloss	stem	gloss
+m(i)(n)	√cq	place, put	kɬ+cq+min	rack
	√txʷ	obtain	k+txʷ+min	contribution
	√px̌	think	k̓ɬ+paʔx̌+mín	memory
	√x̌ʷl	discard	s+x̌ʷil+mn	devil
	√x̌q̓	pay	x̌aq̓+mn	reward
	√ʕ̓c̓	look	ʕ̓ac̓+mn	binoculars
	√xr	hang	k̓ɬ+xar+mn	curtain
	√nk̓	cut	n̓i•n̓k̓+m̓n̓	knife dim.4
	√ckʷ	pull	s+n+c•ckʷ+m̓in̓	buggy dim.

+m middle. I have already discussed middle stems. Here I exemplify the allomorph +a+m which carries the stress of weak (vowelless) stems as charted here:

affix	root	intr. stem	gloss	middle stem	gloss
+m	√lʔ	ilíʔ	there	ilíʔ+m	stay with
	√cptkʷl	captíkʷɬ	legend	captíkʷl+m	tell stories
	√k̓ʷn	s+k̓ʷanɬq	garden	k̓ʷanɬq+m	plant a garden
+á+m	√t̓p	n+t̓pqs+		n+t̓pqs+a+m	tip the head
	√my	my+n+		my+n+a+m	find out

+m also occurs in many intransitive stems, sometimes (almost) predictably, as in forms with the lexical prefix sxʷ, sometimes not⁵.

affix	root	stem	gloss
+m	√k̓ʷn	sxʷk̓ʷanɬq+m	gardener
	√k̓ʷl̓	sxʷk̓ʷul̓+m	worker
	√ʕc	sxʷk+ʕacqáx̌aʔ+m	packer
	√x̌ʷs	s+x̌ʷus+m	foam berry
	√ƛ̓ʔ	s+ƛ̓aʔcín+m	deer
	√klx	s+t+kl•klx+miks+tn	sticks

and in many other forms with obscure function, seemingly an optional suffix⁶:

affix	particle/stem	gloss	+m form	gloss
+m	aɬíʔ	so, because	aɬíʔ+m	so, because
	iwá	even though, try to	iwá+m	even though, try to
	ixíʔ	that	ixíʔ+m	that
	myaɬ	too much	myaɬ+m	too much
	uɬ	and	uɬ+m	and
	t̓xʷ	emph.	t̓xʷ+m	emph.
	anwí (√nw)	you	anwí+m	you

+t(a)n instrument. The variants of the suffix are +an (after t),+tan, +tn, and +tayn. This gloss, too, does not capture the range of meanings carried by the suffix.

affix	root	stem	gloss
+(t)an	√wt	wt+an	placed
	√t̓k̓ʷ)	s+t̓k̓ʷ +tan	resting place
	√ƛ̓xʷ	n+ƛ̓xʷ+tan	death
	√x̌s	n+x̌s+tan	good, well being
	√kxn	s+n+kxn+tan	travel companion
	√k̓y	s+n+k̓aʔy+tán	fall hunting place
	√ɬx̌m	s+n+ɬx̌m+tan	in-law
	√xlk	s+n+t+xlk+tan	race track
	√t̓k̓ʷ	s+n+t̓k̓ʷ +tan	resting place
+táyn	√ʔyx̌ʷ	s+ʔayx̌ʷ+táyn	tiredness
+(t)n	√kl	kl•kl+nwixʷ+tn	go over
	√lk̓)	k+lk̓íc̓aʔ+tn	baler
		lk̓iw̓s+tn	baler
	√cʕʷ	s+n+caʕʷ+lx+tn	bath tub
	√k̓ʷl̓	+(t)n k̓ʷl̓cn+cut+n	cook
	√mt	s+mut+n	place to sit
	√tkʷʔ	s+tkʷ•tkʷʔut+n	tracks
	√c̓xʷ	n+c̓xʷi+n+tn	enema

+ayn. This rare suffix may be a variant of +tan, itself related to +tn instrumental, in the form s+ʔayx̌ʷ+t+áyn (√ʔyx̌ʷ). tiredeness.

+amn with variants +imn (the more common variant) and +aʕmn (with pharyngeal intrusion), carries a habitual notion:

affix	stem	gloss
+amn	x̌•x̌s+t+m+amn √x̌s	talk funny, entertaining
+imn	caʕʷ+lx+ímn √cʕʷ	(like to) bathe often
	kʷls+tn+imn √kʷls	(like to) sweat bathe often
+aʕmn	kʷc+t+aʕmn √kʷʕc	rise early often

+cut reflexive more often than not conveys no reflexive notion. I have chosen not to segment further +mncut and the other variants though one can discern some form of the transitivizer to precede it.

affix	stem	root	gloss
+cut	n+kʷn+cut	√kʷn	sing
	k̓ʷl̓cn+cut	√k̓ʷl̓	cook
	k̓ɬ+wk+cut	√wk	see, realize
	k̓ɬ+paʔx̌+cút	√px̌	decide
	kn+x+cut+n	√knx	help
+mncut	ckʷ+mncut	√ckʷ	pull back
	saʕ+mncút	√sʕ	go downhill
	c+saʕ+mncút	√sʕ	dismount cisl.
	q̓ʷy+mncút	√q̓ʷy	dance
	k+maʔ+mncút	√mʔ	run away
	k+ʕʷy+mncut+m	√ʕʷy	laugh about
	k+ʔax̌l+mncút+m	√ʔx̌l	turn against self
	lk̓+mncut	√lk̓	force oneself
	lq̓+mncut	√lq̓	go strong
+mncaʕt7	sy+mncaʕt	√sʕy	make noise
+mscut	c̓x+mscut	√c̓x	embarrassed
	k+ɬp̓+mscut	√ɬp̓	awful
	pcxʷ+mscut	√pcxʷ	disgusted with self
	wal̕+mscút	√wl	do magic, puzzle
	xy̓+mscut	√xy	done in
+ncut	s+x̌q̓+ncut	√x̌q̓	pay
	c+xʷt̓+p+ncut	√xʷt̓	run cisl.
	c̓slxʷ+ncut	√c̓s	strip
	k+lq̓naʔ+ncút	√lq̓	cover up
	k+ʕ̓ʷy+ncut+m	√ʕ̓ʷy	laugh at
	k+ʔamplaʔ+ncút+m	√ʔm	name oneself, call by a name
	k̓ʷl̓+ncut+n	√k̓ʷl̓	god, creator
+scut8	k+ɬw+scut	√ɬw	divorce, part ways
	k̓ɬ +wy̓naʔ+scút	√wy̓	be ready
	ɬ+wy̓naʔ+scút	√wy̓	prepared again

+mist with a vague reflexive meaning in intransitive stems. Here I list stressed (+míst) forms; unstressed (+mist) forms, and forms with a glottal stop (+miʔst).

affix	root	gloss	stem	gloss
+mist	√wkʷ	hide	wkʷ+mist	keep secret
	√xt	run	xíʔt+mist	run
	√c̓lp	spook	c̓lpcn+mist	holler fiercely
	√hʕʷ	loose	ha•háʕʷ+mist	loosen up
	√lm	glad	k+lmíls+mist	think highly of self
	√mx̌	stoop	k+mx̌qn+mist	give up
	√km	?	kmls+mist	not good enough
	√k̓ʕʷ	hire	k̓aʕʷ+míst	hire
	√ɬt̓p	jump	ɬt̓p+mist	jump pl.
	√tw)36	buy/sell	s+tw+mist	merchandise
+míst	√x̌q̓	pay	t+x̌q̓plaʔ+míst	pay a fine
	√wkʷ	hide	wkʷ+mist	keep secret
+miʔst	√cl	trot	cí•cl+miʔst	trot slowly
	√qm	lie	kɬ+qm+(m)ín+miʔst	rest on
	√xt	run	k̓ɬ+xt+miʔstínk	run on the side hill
	√ƛ̓l	still	ƛ̓íl+miʔst	stay put
	√wkʷ	hide	wíkʷ+miʔst	hide oneself
	√xt	run	xt•xít+miʔst	run around

+(í)lx and its allomorph +aʕlx (with pharyngeal intrusion) often carries the notion motion, change.⁹ See also +lilx.

Stress value	stem	root	gloss
+ilx (strong)	caʔqʷ•qʷ+ílx	√cqʷ	summer comes
	k̓aʕ +ílx	√k̓ʔ	turn fall
	k̓w+ilx	√k̓w	go upstream
	cn•cn+ilx	√cn	roar
	s+ɬq̓+ilx	√ɬq̓	bedroom
	kɬ+n+ws+lx+ilx10	√ws	jump over
+lx (weak)	sy•syaʕ+lx	√sʕy	noise
	caʕʷ+lx	√cʕʷ	bathe
	k̓ay̓•y̓+lx	√k̓y̓	fall comes
	k̓iw+lx	√k̓w	old
	six̌+lx	√sx̌	move
	t+k̓ʷít̓+x+lx+m	√k̓ʷt̓	walk across
	sx̌+lxúlaɁxʷ	√sx̌	change country
	kɬ+n+ws+lx+ilx	√ws	jump over
+aʕlx (phar intr)	sy•sy+ʕalx	√sʕy	make noise

+lilx is the plural of +ilx:

affix	stem	root	gloss
+lilx	t̓xʷ•t̓xʷt+lilx	√t̓xʷt	fly pl.
	ɬq̓+lilx	√ɬq̓	in bed pl.
	n+ɬxʷt+lilx	√ɬxʷt	go in bush pl.

+wilx development and its allomorphs: wílaʔx diminutive; and+twílx with an unexplained +t.

affix	root	stem	gloss
+wilx	√t̓lʔ	t̓alaʔx+wílx	next generation
	√kwt	kw̓t+wilx	lose weight
	√k̓s	k̓s+t+wilx	become bad, spoil
	√t̓x̌	ɬ+t̓x̌iwt+wílx	year again
	√x̌s	ɬ+x̌s+t+wilx	get well again
	√px̌	px̌•px̌+t+wilx	get, gain one’s senses
	√slxʷʔ	slxʷaʔ+t+wílx	get big
	√t̓k̓	t̓aʔk̓+mx+wílx	maiden
+wílaʔx	√px̌t	p•px̌•px̌+t+wílaʔx	grow aware dim.
	√px̌	px̌•px̌+t+wílaʔx	get, gain one’s senses dim.
+twilx	√sy	sy̓•sy̓+twilx	smart dim.

+lwis here and there is common:

affix	stem	root	gloss
+lwis	sx̌+lwis	√sx̌	move s.t.
	t̓xʷt+lwis	√t̓xʷt	airplane
	k̓ɬ+paʔx̌+m+lwís	√px̌	be thinking
	k̓ɬ+ʔam+lwís	√ʔm	sit around
	kʷlwt+lwis	√kʷl	sit around
	n+xʷy+lwis+tn	√xʷy	vehicle
	q̓ʷɬt+lwis	√q̓ʷɬt	pack around

+wixʷ reciprocal, with cognates in the other IS languages, occurs in combination with other transitivizing suffixes, but I do not segment these:

affix	root	stem	gloss
+wixʷ	√x̌l	n+x̌ltcn+wixʷ	ask rec.
	√ɬwn	ɬwn+wixʷ	part
+mnwíxʷ	√sxʷ	n+sxʷnaʔ+mnwíxʷ	acquaint rec.
	√ʕc	ʕac•cqn+mnwíxʷ	go head to head
+nwixʷ	√kc	kc+nwixʷ	meet, be with one another
	√kl	kl•kl+nwixʷ	chase
	√ʔm	k̓ɬ+ʔam+nwíxʷ	wait rec.
	√kʷn	kʷnks+nwixʷ	shake hands
		kʷn•kʷnks+nwixʷ+m	hold two sides
	√x̌c	ɬ+x̌c+nwixʷ	bet again rec.
	√qʷʔ	qʷaʔm+nwíxʷ	introduce rec.
+stwixʷ	√x̌ʷl	x̌ʷl+stwixʷ	discard rec.
+twixʷ	√c̓x̌ʷ	c̓x̌ʷ+twixʷ	appointment
	√kʷn	kʷn•kʷn+twixʷ	grab one another
	√x̌c	x̌c+twixʷ	be companions
+xtwixʷ	√my / √m̓y̓	m̓ay+xtwixʷ	tell stories rec., have meeting
	√c̓x̌ʷ	s+c̓x̌ʷ+xtwixʷ	arrangement

+numt¹¹ endowed with, have without effort.

affix	root	stem	gloss
+numt	√wy̓	wy̓+numt	handsome, ready
	√my	s-k̓ɬ+my+p+númt-s	he thought about it
	√xʷt̓	xʷət̓t̓pnúmt	get up
	√ʔtx	k̓ɬ+ʔat•t•x+númt	fall asleep
	√k̓w	k̓w•k̓w+p+numt	get lonesome
	√nk̓	na•nak̓+númt	feel
	√x̌n	x̌n̓+numt	get hurt

+t state. With cognates throughout the sub-family, and congruous glosses, the suffix also derives forms that seem to have little to do with state. See Cr -t: “The suffix -t indicates that a person or object has a characteristic innately, rather than within but not inherent ... A suffix -t which may not be the same is also used with some verbs of action” (Reichard p. 578).

affix	root	stem	gloss
+t	√x̌ʷp	x̌ʷup+t	worthless
	√cx̌	cix̌•cx̌+t	hot
	√cnm	cnaʕm+t	deaf mute
	√ɬxʷ	c+n+ɬuxʷ+t	come in the brush
	√ʔx̌ɬ	c+ʔx̌iɬ+t	like, amen, plain

+aʔt diminutive of +t stative, as in t̓kʷ•t̓ik̓ʷ+aʔt √t̓kʷt̓) small lakes; c•cám̓ +aʔt (√cm̓ ) small.

+p involuntary, natural. “The [Cr] suffix -p indicates that the action was not voluntary on the part of the subject” (Reichard p. 579).

affix	root	stem	gloss
+p	√x̌l	s+x̌la+p	morning
	√cʕy	ca•cáʕy+p+m	cry
	√ɬʔ	k+ɬaʔ+pínk	close
	√yʕ	c+yaʕ̓+p	arrive here pl.
	√ɬx̌ʷ	ɬx̌ʷa+p	slip away

+m(i)x people may be better classified as a lexical suffix but some forms with +mix seem to have nothing to do with person.¹²

affix	stem	gloss
+m(i)x	s+t̓y+mix	lazy
	sc+yaʕ̓+míx	gathering
	s+t̓aʔk̓+míx	virgin
	k+t̓aʔk̓+mxáqs	taste of maiden
	xiʔ+míx	whatever

+uɬ does often, likes to

affix	root	stem	gloss
+uɬ	√txʷ	txʷ•txʷcn+uɬ	provision seeker
	√t̓y	t̓y•t̓y+m+uɬ	lazy
	√k̓ʷl̓	k̓ʷl•k̓ʷl̓+uɬ	good worker

+a(ʔ) negative attaches to several particles:

particle	+aʔ	particle neg.	gloss
aɬíʔ	+aʔ	aɬiʔ+áʔ	because not, so not
km		km+aʔ	or not
lut		lut+áʔ	not
nixʷ		nixʷ+áʔ	also not
uɬ		uɬ+áʔ	and not

+aʔ(+) of indeterminate function, occurs in these and other forms:

root	stem	gloss
√k̓ɬʔ	k̓ɬʔálqʷ+aʔ	shore
√ʕm	ʕa•ʕím+aʔ	hate
√ʔckn	ʔíckn+aʔ	play
√ɬkp	ɬ•ɬkáp+aʔ	little bucket
√pt	n+pút+aʔ+tn	respected
√q̓ʷƛ̓	q̓ʷ•q̓ʷúƛ̓+aʔxn+m	race
√ʔɬn, √qlxʷ	n+ʔaɬn+aʔ+s+qílxʷ+tn	man-eater

+aʔ+ diminutive attaches to stems, particles, and affixes:

attaches to	dim. form	gloss
stem	w̓í•w̓aʔs+t (√ws)	high dim.
	w̓í•w̓aʔx (√wx)	live dim.
	waʔxútyaʔ (√wx)	dwelling dim.
	k̓í•kaʔt (√kt̓)	near
	maʔ•mn̓xʷ (√mnxʷ)	smoke dim.
	n+k̓•k̓aʔlícn (√k̓ʔl)	soft talk, slow talk
	t̓•t̓áʔq̓aʔ+t (√t̓q̓)	short, abstract
particle	n̓í•n̓aʔxʷ (nixʷ)	more dim.
affix	áqaʔs (aqs)	road
	nkʷ•nk̓ʷ+s+pínaʔtk (tk)	yearlings
	s+n+ʔím+aʔt (+t)	grandchild

+aʔ+ plural in reduplicated forms after C1:

singular	plural	gloss
ʔiɬn	ʔaɬ•ʔíɬn	eat, pl. eat
ʔitx	ʔat•ʔítx	sleep, pl. sleep

+aʔ+ repetitive / continuative in reduplicated stems, always unstressed, as shown here:

stem	root	gloss
kʷaʔ•k̓ʷúl̓+m	√k̓ʷl̓	practice
xʷaʔ•xʷíst	√xʷst	walk back and forth
s+xʷaʔ•xʷúy+tn	√xʷy	many tracks, usual tracks, place of repeated walking
t̓qʷ•t̓aʔqʷcín	√t̓qʷ	holler repeatedly
n+k̓ʷaʔ•k̓ʷín	√k̓ʷn	pick
paʔ•pút	√pt	match
t̓qʷ•t̓aʔqʷcín	√t̓qʷ	holler repeatedly
k+caʔxísxn	√cx	glow
k+c̓aʔlmt̓íc̓aʔ	√c̓lmt̓	get chills
k+c̓aʔxqín	√c̓x	be ashamed
n+c̓aʔrínk	√c̓r	diarrhea
n+c̓aʔxʷíɬc̓aʔ+m	√c̓xʷ	make hot cakes
n+kaʔx+mútyaʔ	√kx	go on foot

•(V)C2 derives patient¹³ forms: kn‿t̓k̓ʷ•ak̓ʷ I fell. (Cf t̓k̓ʷ-nt put something down).

Other suffixes remain poorly identified:

affix	stem	root	gloss
+iʔ	c+xʔít+iʔ	√xʔt	at first
	la‿c+xʔít+iʔ	√xʔt	at first
	lút+iʔ	√lt	before, not yet
	pút+iʔ	√pt	still
+iʔs	c+xlk+iʔs	√xlk	turn around
+pnaʔm	n+maʔ•múkʷ•kʷ+pnaʔm	√mkʷ	bulge
+lixʷ	mya+líxʷ14	√my	guide
+k	t+qlt+kalqʷ	√qlt	Canada, across the line
+kaʔ	s+xʷús•s+kaʔ+m	√xʷs	rush
+icíʔ	pn+icíʔ15	√pn	at that time
+it	k̓ay̓+ít	√ky	cold
+na ?	my+na+m	√my	find out
+nap	n+wk+napánaʔqn+m	√wk	see with the corner of the eye

Directionals. Cv-Ok has two prefixes, c+ cislocative and ɬ+ back, again. These two prefixes may cooccur as the sequence ɬ+c+ as I exemplify here.

stem	gloss
xʷuy	go
c+xʷuy	come
ɬ+xʷuy	go back
ɬ+c+xʷuy	go back
ɬ+c+xʷuy	come back

The sequence ɬ+c+ is found in many stems, some based on roots of motion. The cislocative notion extends to a general notion of non-remote or of contextual relevance, as seen in these examples:

stem	root	gloss
ɬ+c+kʷum	kʷm	store again cisl
ɬ+c+laklí	lkl	lock again cisl
ɬ+c+laʕ̓ʷqínkst	lʕ̓ʷ	fit back on finger
ɬ+c+n+xy̓	xy̓	be mixed with again
ɬ+c+t+xt̓•t̓	xt̓	take care of again
ɬ+c+t̓aqʷcin+m	t̓qʷ	holler again

k+ with allomorph t+ before stems that begin with a (post)velar, derives stems that add subtle, but not predictable or discernible semantic content.

affix	root	gloss	k+stem	gloss
k+	√lkʷ	far	k+lkʷ•akʷ	far
			k+lkʷ•kʷ+mi+trans	remove
			k+lkʷ•kʷínaʔ	uncover (remove a cover)
	√c̓l	stand up	k+c̓l•l+min	stand close, reach
	√mt	sg. sit	k+mut+m	sit by
	√pl	camp	k+pul+x+m	camp by, with
	√lq̓	bury	k+liq̓	bury
	√c̓p̓q̓	glue, stick	k+c̓p̓q̓	glue, stick
t+	√xʷy	go	t+xʷuy+m	go toward
	√kc	arrive	t+kic	meet with
	√xƛ̓	complete	t+xƛ̓a+p	all
	√qʷy	often	t+qʷay	discend

kɬ+ have, there be. This prefix has allomorphs aʔk(ɬ)-, the distributions of which I do not fully understand. All forms that include this productive prefix are listed in the dictionary as have stems.

kɬ+, with primary meaning on, is productive. In some stems this sense is lost and there is no good reason to assign a label (other than the form itself) to it:

affix	root	stem	gloss
kɬ+	√mt	s+n+kɬ+mut+n	chair
	√c̓l	c+kɬ+c̓l•lus	stand on the bank
	√mʕ	kɬ+maʕítkʷ	float
	√ʕc	kɬ+ʕaccín	tie around the neck
	√ck̓ or? cq̓	s+kɬ+ck̓a+p	cream
	√cw	s+kɬ+caw+t	effort

k̓ɬ+ under. This sense is clear in some examples, but not in others. Here I include cases of k̓ɬ+√ɬ... with the simplification k̓ɬ+.

stem	root	gloss
ɬ+cq̓•cq̓ax̌	√cq̓	hit under the arm
kɬ̓ +ciq	√cq	dig
k̓ɬ +c̓sa+p	√c̓s	finished
k̓ɬ +kʷinxʷcn	√kʷnxʷ	answer
k̓ɬ +kʷukʷ	√kʷkʷ	benefit
k̓ɬ +k̓ʷul̓	√k̓ʷl̓	fix
k̓ɬ +n+caʔq•qíp	√cq	come close to door
k̓ɬ +n+cʔip	√cʔ	knock on door
k̓+ɬʔalˑqʷ	√ɬʔ	next to shore
k̓+ɬʔiq̓ʷ	√ɬq̓ʷ	come in sight

ɬ(ɬ)+ in kin terms. ɬɬ+ marks plural forms.

affix	stem	gloss
ɬ+	ɬ+c•cʔups	younger sister
	ɬ+ci•ck	mother-in-law
	ɬ+qá•qcaʔ	older brother
	ɬ+sí•sncaʔ	younger brother
ɬɬ+	ɬɬ+qá•qcaʔ	elder brothers
	ɬɬ+qick	brothers
	ɬɬ+s•siʔ	uncles

n+has a vague locative sense in many forms; not in others:

stem	root	gloss
n+k+ʔamtíw̓s+tn	√ʔmt	saddle horse
s+n+citxʷ+tn	√ctxʷ	camping place
s+n+c̓iqʷ+mn	√c̓qʷ	skinning place
s+n+ilíʔ+tn	√lʔ	dwelling place, allotment
n+t̓q+mi	√t̓q	throw sheet like obj.
n+c̓aʕps	√c̓ʕp	wink
n+kcnik	√kcn	overtake
n+paʔqcín	√pq	dawn
s+n+xʷʔit	√xʷʔt	lots
n+t̓aʕp-nt-ís	√t̓ʕp	load (to shoot)
n+xlaw̓sq	√xl	chop head/center

na+ derives stems that occasionally, but not regularly, carry a notion of inside: and/or other side:

root	gloss	naʔ+ stem	gloss
√ɬʔ	?	na+ɬáʔ	other side
√mt sg.	sit	na+mút	sit inside
√c̓n	say what	na+c̓n+tíls	think, worry
√yʕ	in need	na+yaʕ̓+pcín	hard up
√nq	satisfied	na+naʕ•nqcín	filled up

s+ derives intransitive noun-like stems that cannot be transitivized (are conjugated with the i(n)- sets of person markers):

root/stem	gloss	intr. stem	gloss
ʔiɬn	eat	s+ʔiɬn	food
ʔitx	sleep (v)	s+ʔitx	sleep (n)
c̓aɬ+t	cold	s+c̓aɬ•ɬ+t	freeze (n)

sc+ also derives intransitive noun-like stems perhaps with some added aspectual notion:

root	gloss	sc+ stem	gloss
√km̓	take pl.	sc+km̓ ax̌n	kidnapped pl.
√kʷn	take sg.	sc+kʷanx̌n	kidnapped sg.
√k̓ʷl̓	make, do, work	sc+k̓ʷul̓	work
√ƛ̓xʷ	kill pl.	sc+ƛ̓axʷ	killing
√q̓ʔ	concern	sc+n+q̓aʔíls	problem
√ʔx̌ɬ	do like	sc+ʔx̌iɬ	like, as

s+n+ derives intransitive stems with nominal and locative sense:

root	gloss	s+n+ stem	gloss
√c̓x̌ʷ	promise	s+n+k+c̓x̌ʷíplaʔ+tn	laws
√qlw	money	s+n+qlaw+tn	bank
√ʔys	change	s+n+ʔiys	price
√qʷn̓	pity	s+n+qʷn̓•an̓	pity

s+...+s is found in these negative constructions:

affix	root	construction	gloss
s+...+s	√lkʷ	lut s+lkʷut+s	not far
	√q̓sp	lut s+q̓sápiʔ+s	not long after
	√qʷy	lut s+qʷay+s	not often

Several other (sequences of) prefixes, are identified only tentatively or remain obscure:

prefix	gloss	root	stem	gloss
caʔ+	?	√sw̓	caʔ+síw̓+st	drink pl.
kaʔ+	?	√kc	kaʔ+kíc16	find
k+n+	?	√xʷt	s+k+n+xʷaʔtús	big money
k+s+...+s	?	√lt	(lut) k+s+lut+s	no exceptions, there is no no about it
ks+	?	√xt̓	ks+xt̓	aim
		√x̌l	ks+x̌l+p	all night
		√m̓y	ks+my̓•may+t	proper way
k̓a+	k̓	√ɬʔ	k̓a+ɬáʔ17	on that side, other side
k̓l+	k̓l‿	√xʔ	c+k̓l+n+ixáʔ18	this side
la+	l‿	√kn̓	la+ʔkín̓19	when, whenever, wherever, how, from time to time, sometime
ml+	?	√q̓m	ml+q̓m	swallow
naʔɬ+	?	√xt̓	naʔɬ+t+xt̓+stíʔst	become pregnant
syɬ+	?	√kʷʕst	syɬ+kʷ•kʷʕast	early morning
t+	?	√k̓m	k̓ɬ+t+kmax̌n	outside
		√hht	t+haht+m	laugh at
		√mt	t+mut	sit
ta+	t‿	√ʔkn̓	ta+ʔkín̓	from where; sometimes; how far
		√ʔx̌l	ta+ʔx̌íl+m	do so
x+	?	√ʔkn	x+kin	do what, do how
ʔax+	?	√ʔkn	ʔax+kín+m	do what, how

+ɬ+, +s+ compound connectors here given with some examples:

stem	roots	connector	gloss
c+kʷn+ɬ+q̓y̓+min+m	√kʷn, √q̓y̓	+ɬ+	take papers
c̓s+p+ɬ+kʷu•kʷús	√c̓s, √kʷs		run out of bacon
my+ɬ+s+wy̓+numtx	√my, √wy̓		more beautiful
s+nk̓ʷ +ɬ+cwix	√nkʷ, √cwx		house mate
s+nk̓ʷ +ɬ+mrim	√nkʷ, √mrm		spouse
s+taʔxʷ+ɬ+tkɬ+mílxʷ20	√txʷ, √tkɬm		acquired wife
c+ʔaw+s+k+síw	√ʔw, √sw	+s+	come ask
c̓s+p+s+ɬiqʷ	√c̓s, √ɬqʷ		run out of meat
c̓s+p+s+t̓íkl	√c̓s, √t̓k̓l		finish grub
ɬ+ʔaw+s+n+c̓íw̓ +m	√ʔw, √c̓w̓		go back and wash dishes
mlx̌aʔ+s+t+q̓l•q̓lxʷusxn	√mlx̌ʔ, √q̓lxʷ		pretend to trip
s+taʔxʷ+s+tkɬ+mílxʷ	√txʷ, √tkɬ		acquired wife

---

Lexical affixes are bound forms with lexical meanings that map the natural and cultural world of the Cv-Ok. The language includes a dozen or more lexical prefixes; more than one hundred mono-morphemic lexical suffixes and more than four dozen sequences of lexical suffixes. Generally, prefixes cover the social aspect of life, and suffixes the physical world.

In this chart I list the skeletal affix (without its vowel(s)); its variants; and the approximate gloss(es). The variants include stressed and unstressed forms, and diminutive forms, these marked by the infix +aʔ+ added after the first consonant of the suffix.

Lexical prefixes
entry	variant(s)	gloss(es)
hɬ	haɬ; hɬ	family, homogenous group
k	k; t; tk	person
k̓l		better
ml		recklessly or indiscriminately
p	yp; ʔip	on the way there
pʔ	puʔ	wife
py̓	piʔ	at (the) time of; on the way
qʔɬ	qaʔɬ	family; offspring; part X
sxʷ		one who does X
t(k)	k; t; tk	person
ts		intensifying notion
t̓ʔ	t̓iʔ	late (deceased)
yp	ip; yp	on the way there

Lexical suffixes
entry	variant(s)	gloss(es)
cn	can; can̓; caʕn; ci; cin; cn; cn̓	mouth, food, voice, edge
cnkst	cnikst	wrist
cnnk	cnink	belly
cns	cnus	?
cntkʷ	cnitkʷ	the edge of the water
cnxn	cinxn	ankle
c̓ʔ	ác̓aʔ; áʕc̓aʔ; c̓aʔ; ic̓; íc̓aʔ	surface; hide; (body) cover, outer cover
c̓sq̓t	ic̓asq̓t	cold day
kn	ik; ikn; ikn̓; k; kiʔ; kn; kn̓	back (anatomy); top layer; crust; surface; ice; fence
kn̓ɬq	kn̓aɬq	behind a person
kn̓ɬxʷ	kn̓iɬxʷ	outside the house
knxn	iknxn	sole of foot
kst	aks(t); ákaʔst; aʕkst; íkaʔst; ik(st); ks(t)	hand; arm; fingers; leaves; rattle
kxt	ikxt	manipulation, way of doing
kʷp	kʷp	fire
k̓ʷʔkst	k̓ʷʔikst	hand hold
lmxʷ	ulmxʷ	people
ln	iln; ln	arrow
lntyʔ	lnútyaʔ	weapon
lp	lup	place
lp	ílaʔp; ilp; lp	bed, foundation, floor
lp(s)	alp; alps; ilps; ílaʔps; lps	neck
lpstxn	ilpstxn	(a person's) lap
lp̓	lp̓	firewood
lqs	alqs; al̕qs; aʕlqs; lqs	clothes, dress (referring primarily to women’s clothes); in women's names
lqskst	lqsikst	elbow
lqʷ	álaʔqʷ; alqʷ; al̕qʷ; áʕlaʔqʷ; aʕlqʷ; lalqʷ; laʔqʷ; lqʷ	cylindrical object; body; tree
lqʷks(t)	lqʷiks(t)	wrist, arm
lqʷpqn	lqʷpqn	?
lqʷw̓stxn	lqʷaw̓stxn; lqʷaʕw̓stxn	down the leg
lqʷxn	aʕlqʷxn	cylindrical object
lqʷʔ	álqʷaʔ	up to the shore; shore of a river; across a line
ls	als; ílaʔs; ils; ls; lils; liʔls	stomach, feel(ing); thought; company
lsct	lscaʕt; lscut	appurtenances, clothes, belongings
lstn	ilstn	weapon
lsxn	ilsxn	forehead; hair
lt	ílaʔt; ilt; il̕t; lt; ltílaʔt	child(ren); offspring
lt	lut	partner, co-
ltn	iltn; ltn	stomach, food, meat
lxʷ	alxʷ; aʕlxʷ; ilxʷ; lxʷ	coat, body covering
lx̌qn	alx̌qn	head (?)
lʔ	ílaʔ	?
lʔk̓	ílaʔk̓	wood
lʔs	áliʔs; íliʔs	group; relatives; relation
lʔxʷ	áʕlaʔxʷ; laʔxʷ úlaʔxʷ	earth, land, soil, ground
lʔxʷlp	laʔxʷílp	a surface
ɬc̓ʔ	áɬc̓aʔ; áʕɬc̓aʔ; íɬc̓aʔ; ɬc̓aʔ	single enclosure; body; inside
ɬmlx	aɬmlx; aʕɬml̕x; aʕ̓ɬml̕x; iɬmlx	tree, bush, vine, plant
ɬn	iɬn	information, request
ɬnwt	ɬniwt	next to; side
ɬp	aɬp; íɬaʔp; iɬp; iʔɬp	bush, plant
ɬq	áɬaʔq; aɬq; ɬq	bushes; crop, fruit, harvest
ɬq̓t	ɬq̓it	shoulder
ɬqʷ	aɬqʷ	breeze
ɬtɬ(n)	ɬtiɬ; ɬtiɬn	unknown persons
ɬxn	aɬxn; asxn	wheel; tire
ɬxn	iɬxn	leg
ɬxʷ	áɬaʔxʷ; aɬxʷ; aʕɬxʷ; íɬaʔxʷ; iɬxʷ; ɬxʷ	house
ɬq̓ʷl(t)	aɬq̓ʷl; aɬq̓ʷlt	mouth, throat, neck, jaw
mc̓ʔ	ímc̓aʔ	?
mx	mix; mixʷ; mx	person
mxʷ	mxʷ	?
mʔ	maʔ	?
mʔscn	maʔscín	?
nk	an̓k; ínaʔk; ink; nk; n̓k	belly, stomack, innards, back
nkkst	nkikst; n̓kikst	palm of the hand
nklt	nkilt	?
nkɬxʷ	nkiɬxʷ	ceiling
nwln	nwiln	something
nwɬn	nwiɬn	knowledge or information
nxʷ	nxʷ; nuxʷ; uxʷ	weather; time; natural phenomenon
nʔ	ánaʔ; áʕnaʔ; ína; inaʔ; naʔ	surface, ear, side
nʔqn	ánaʔqn	the corner of the eye
nʔs	nʔus	eye
p	ap; ip; p	base; bottom end
p	ap; ip; p	egg; oval object; rope; tree
plʔ	áʕplaʔ; íplaʔ; plaʔ	handle
pɬxn	ápaʔɬxn; ípaʔɬxn; ipɬxn	heel; hoof
pn	pin	a single (?)
pnʔ	ípnaʔ	?
ps	ips	loop; hoop; neck
ps	ípaʔs; ips; paʔs	chin
ps	áʕpaʔs; ups; úpaʔs; s	tail,bottom
pw̓sqn	pw̓sqn	lips
pʔ(st)	ápaʔ(st); ípaʔst	testicles, ball(s)
pʔst	áʔpust; ípuʔst	step
pʔstxn	ípuʔstxn; pstxn	step, stride
qn	q; qin; qn; qn̓	head
qnkst	qinkst	finger
qnl	qnil; qniɬ; qnl	groin
qnɬxʷ	qniɬxʷ	the top of a house
qnps	qnups	?
qntkʷ	qnitkʷ	head of the water ?
qnxn	qínaʔxn̓; qinxn	toe; joint ?
qnʔ	qniʔ	bullet
q(s)	áqaʔs; aq(s)	wages, money, pay
qs	áqaʔs; aqs; aʕqs; qs	road, trail
qs	aqs; qs	nose, smell, (end) point
qs	aqs; qs	food
qstxn	aqstxn; aʕqstxn	hip, leg
qʷxn	qʷxn	straight leg
s	aʕs; s; us	eye; face; head; neck; small round object
sk	sk	voice
sk̓t	ísk̓it; ísk̓iʔt; sk̓iʔt	throat; pharynx; windpipe
slp̓	islp̓; slp̓	firewood
slqʷ	salqʷ	story
sɬc̓ʔ	sáʕɬc̓aʔ	glass; transparent
(s)mxʷ	imxʷ; simxʷ	nipple; breast(s)
sqx̌ʔ	sqáx̌aʔ	horse; stock
sq̓l̕s	asq̓l̕s	?
sq̓t	asq̓t; assq̓t; aʕsq̓t	sky; rain; day
st	aʕst	?
st̓y	íst̓yaʔ; st̓ya	grass
sw̓s+txn	siw̓s+txn	the back of the leg
(s)xn	asxn; axn; áʕsxn	ply board; sheet; page
sxn	aʕsxn; ísaʔxn; isx; isxn; sx; sxn; sxn̓	rock; small round object
tk	aʔtk	expanse (of space or time)
(t)kʷ	atkʷ; aʕtkʷ; ikʷ; ítaʔkʷ; itkʷ; kʷ; tkʷ	water
ttkʷ	titkʷ	bathtub
tyʔ	útyaʔ	makeshift; approximate; hand-made
wl	aw̓l	?
wl	iwl; iwɬ; wl	boat, conveyance; water creature
wɬ	iwl; iwɬ; wiɬ	boat, conveyance; water creature
wɬn	wiɬn	?
w(s)	áwaʔs; aw̓s; aʕw̓s; iw̓s; íw̓aʔs; w̓; w̓s	middle; center; across; halfway, midway
wt	iwt; íwaʔt; wit; wt	step; place
wyʔ	wyaʔ	?
w̓cyʔ	w̓ícyaʔ	?
w̓scn	w̓scin	across the edge
w̓skn̓	w̓sikn̓	the middle
w̓skn̓qs	w̓sknaqs	nose
w̓slqʷ	w̓salqʷ	midway up a tree or s.t. cylindrical
w̓slxʷ	w̓silxʷ	a matched coat
w̓slʔxʷ	w̓súlaʔxʷ	halfway; midway on the ground
w̓sqn	aw̓sqn; aʕw̓sqn	the top of the head; the mouth; lip
w̓ss	w̓sus	the middle of the face
w̓stxn	aw̓stxn; aʕw̓stxn	middle ?
w̓syʔqn	w̓sáyaʔqn	?
wt	íwaʔt; iwt; wt	place
xkn	ixkn	?
xn	xan; xaʕn; x xn	foot; leg
xnkst	xnikst	?
x̌(n)	ax̌; ax̌n; aʕx̌n; x̌; x̌n	arm, wing
x̌ʷck	ax̌ʷck	chest
ys	iys; iy̓s; iʔs	tooth; edge; rain, snow
ystxn	yustxn	foot
yʔ	áyaʔ; yaʔ	pretend; makeshift; not serious
yʔ	íyaʔ	?
yʔ	úyaʔ	?
yʔlqs	yaʔálqs	?
yʔqn	áyaʔqn; yaʔqn	top of the head
ʔpst	áʔpust; íʔpust	crotch
ʔst	aʔst; iʔst	arrow; bullet; weapon
ʔst	iʔst	manage to; accidentally do
ʔstn	iʔstn	?
ʔtk	aʔtk; tk	time

Phrasal entries are entries that include two or three elements (words). More than two hundred entries in the dictionary consist of two or three lexical items: particles and stems, the latter with or without inflectional morphology. Place names are often phrasal, e.g. ntixʷcks nc̓iʔcn, Oliver, lit. Wolf's tongue, where the first stem is inflected for third person possessive. Stem plus particle entries are also common, for example iʔ aʔksnmán̓xʷtn place name. Many botanical terms are also phrasal, commonly consisting of two stems and a particle, e.g. x̌áʕx̌aʕ ɬaʔ ksp̓aqʷstn puffball. And so are a variety of other entries, e.g. kʷil t̓ix̌ ace of diamonds; xiʔmíx stim̓ anything; xiʔmíx swit anybody. More common are entries consisting of two particles (where the line between "phrasal entry" and "amalgam" is blurred), e.g. uɬ iʔ and then; xʷm t̓i looks like. Here is a link to more on phrasal entries .