The entries in this dictionary are: Roots, Stems, Particles, Affixes, and Phrasal entries.

• Roots are the elements on which stems are formed. They are listed in the dictionary, but also in an appendix, each with the stems formed on them.
• Stems comprise the bulk of the dictionary. They are the elements that receive inflectional morphology. Stems are of three categories: intransitive, transitive, and middle.
• Intransitive stems are unmarked.
• Transitive stems are marked with one of five transitivizing suffixes (+nt, +st, +ɬt, +x(i)t, and +uɬt).
• Middle stems are marked with +m.
• Particles are uninflected forms. They comprise several subclasses: interjections, directionals, evidentials, and others, including inflectional proclitic particles.
• Affixes divide into two classes: derivational and inflectional.
• Derivational affixes form the stems of the language. They include lexical affixes, affixes that mark the semantic domains that map the physical and cultural world of the Colville-Okanagan (e.g. tree, water, spouse, child).
• Inflectional affixes include categories such as person, tense, aspect.
• Phrasal entries are entries that include two or three elements (words).

Person markers correlate with the grammatical classes of the stem they attach to, and determine how stems can shift between classes. Person markers are of two categories: particles, and affixes.

There are two sets of person-markers, each with a subset of forms, as charted here. The markers of middle stems are the same as the markers of intransitive stems.

Intransitive		Transitive
Intransitive	Double intransitive	subject	object
			object 1	object 2
kn‿ kʷ‿ Ø kʷu‿ p‿ Ø stem -lx	kʷu‿ i(n)-set form kʷ‿ i(n)-set form Ø stem i(n)-set form kʷu‿ i(n)-set form p‿ i(n)-set form Ø stem i(n)-set form -lx	-(í)n -(í)xʷ -(í)s -(í)m / -t -(í)p -(í)s stem -lx	kʷu‿ -s Ø kʷu‿ -ɬ(úl)m Ø	kʷu‿ -(ú)m Ø kʷu‿ -ɬ(úl)m Ø

Intransitive forms are unmarked in the third person. The other person markers are kn‿, kʷ‿, kʷu‿, p‿, as in the following examples:

• kn‿ilmixʷm "I am (a/the) chief."
• kʷ‿ʔayx̌ʷt "You are tired."
• xʷuy "(S)he went."
• kʷu‿wy̓cin "We finished eating."
• p sysyus "You (all) are smart."
• ʔaɬʔíɬn "They ate."

From an English point of view, these forms are inflected predicate verbals, predicate nominals, and predicate adjectivals. In Cv-Ok these are intransitive forms.

Double intransitive forms take two person markings, as exemplified here.

• kʷ‿in-lmixʷm "You are my chief."
• kʷu‿an-lʔíw "I am your father."
• tkɬmilxʷ-s "(She is) his woman."
• kʷ‿in-x̌mínk "I like you (lit. you are my "liking")."

Transitive forms take subject and object person markers. Here I chart 3rd person object forms of a strong (suffix-stressed) +nt paradigm. The subject markers are all suffixes as seen here. 3rd person object is Ø, while 1st person sg and pl are proclitic particles, and are exemplified in later charts:

+nt stem		weak +nt stem (suffix-stressed)
root	transitivizer	object marker	subject marker	full form	translation
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-in	cxʷntin	I held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-ixʷ	cxʷntixʷ	You held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-is	cxʷntis	(S)he held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-im	cxʷntim	We held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-ip	cxʷntip	You all held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-is-lx	cxʷntislx	They held/petted it.

Relations among stems. Intransitive stems are unmarked, and conjugate with the kn‿ or the i(n)- set of person markers. Intransitive stems can be made middle; they can also be made transitive. Transitive stems can be made middle and can be intransitivized (for the moment I am I am using "nominalized" and "intransitivized" interchangeably). The language accomplishes this syntactic dance with person markings. Each set of stems is defined by the person markers they require. Here are some examples to show the derivational range of stems:

gramm class	label	form	analyzed form	translation
kn‿ intransitive	Istem	qʷácqən	qʷacqn	a hat
i(n)- intransitive	Istem	inqʷácqən	in-qʷacqn	my hat
kn‿ middle	Mstem	qʷácqnəm	qʷacqn+m	I wear a hat
i(n)- middle	Mstem	iksíwm	i-ks-síw+m	I will ask her
transitive	Tstem	captíkʷɬtsən	captíkʷ+ɬt-s-n	I’ll tell you the story of ...
nominalized transitive	nTstem	ixíʔ kʷ ikscaptíkʷɬtəm	ixíʔ kʷ i-ks-captíkʷ+ɬt+m	This is the story I’m going to tell you.
middle	Mstem	uɬ p captíkʷləm	uɬ p captíkʷl+m	And you told Indian legends.
nominalized middle	nMstem	ixíʔ ikscaptíkʷləm	ixíʔ i-ks-captíkʷl+m	This is what I am going to tell him.

A few words to further explain the chart:

• the first four rows are exemples of intransitive and middle stems with the kn‿ and i(n)- sets of markers
• in the fifth row captíkʷl is the intransitive stem (kn‿ person inflection)
• in the sixtth row captíkʷlm is the middle stem (kn‿ person inflection, here with p‿ “you pl.”)
• in the seventh row captíkʷ+ɬt is the transitive stem (here with -s object person inflection, and -n subject person inflection “you I”)
• in the eighth row kʷ i-ks-captíkʷ+ɬt+m is the nominalized transitive form (stem + inflection: kʷ‿i- double intransitive person inflection, here with “you my”; ks- future; and the required final+m)
• in the last row i-ks-captíkʷ+m in the nominalized middle form (stem + inflection: i- double intransitive person marker ‘(s)he my...’; ks-future, and the required final+m).

Further, the language allows for intransitive and middle forms to be transitivized, and these transitive forms, in turn, to be nominalized. This chart shows more examples of intransitive stems, derived middle stems, transitive stem, and nominalized middle stems (nMstem).

gramm class	subclass	form	gloss	derived form	gramm class	translation
Intransitive	Istem	laprít	bridle	laprít+m	middle	put the bridle on
Intransitive	Istem			p̓iƛ̓+m	middle	pick bitteroot
Middle	nMstem	s+p̓iƛ̓+m	bitteroot	p̓iƛ̓+nt-xʷ	transitive	you cleaned bitterroot
Intransitive	Istem	kʷil	red	kʷil+nt+xʷ	transitive	you painted it red

The forms in the following chart are based on two different roots and show their derivational range (intransitive, middle, transitive).

intransitive	iscq̓áy̓	i-sc-q̓áy̓	what I wrote
middle	kən‿q̓əy̓ám t...	kn q̓y̓a+m t...	I wrote ...
transitive	q̓əy̓ntín	q̓y̓+nt+in	I wrote it
intransitive	iscƛ̓əʔám	i-sc-ƛ̓ʔa+m	what I fetched
middle	kən‿ƛ̓əʔám t...	kn ƛ̓ʔa+m t...	I fetched ...
transitive	ƛ̓aʔntín	ƛ̓aʔ+nt+ín	I fetched it

By definition transitive stems include a subject and an object person marker. As already stated, there are five transitive affixes, and here I present paradigms of each. These transitivizers form weak or strong stems. Weak stems are stressed on the suffix; strong stems on the root. Weak stems always show the transitivizing suffix, while strong stems lose it in some forms, as exemplified here. +nt is the most common transitivizer found in the language, and I begin with +nt paradigms. Full paradigms of all other transitive stems are given separately.

Transitive +nt stems. I begin with the paradigm of a weak stem based on the root √cxʷ.

+nt stem		weak +nt stem (suffix-stressed)
root	transitivizer	object marker	subject marker	full form	translation
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-in	cxʷntin	I held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-ixʷ	cxʷntixʷ	You held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-is	cxʷntis	(S)he held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-im	cxʷntim	We held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-ip	cxʷntip	You all held/petted it.
cxʷ	+nt	Ø	-is-lx	cxʷntislx	They held/petted it.

Here is a chart of the forms based on the strong stem ciqnt "dig something" (with third person object). Again, the third person object marker is unmarked (Ø). These forms are stem-stressed, and the suffixes are vowelless. In addition, strong transitive stems do not display the transitivizer in the first and third person singular and in the third person plural.

+nt stem		strong +nt stem (stem-stressed)
root	transitivizer	object marker	subject marker	full form	translation
ciq	Ø	Ø	-n	ciqn	I dug it.
ciq	+nt	Ø	-xʷ	ciqntxʷ	You dug it.
ciq	Ø	Ø	-s	ciqs	(S)he dug it.
ciq	+nt	Ø	-m	ciqntm	We dug it.
ciq	+nt	Ø	-p	ciqntp	You all dug it.
ciq	Ø	Ø	-s-lx	ciqslx	They dug it.

Here are some examples of nominalized middle forms.

example in context	kʷu set	i- set	middle stem	translation
ixíʔ kʷ ikscaptíkʷləm.	kʷ	i-	ks-captíkʷl+m	That's [the story] I am going to tell you.
way̓ kʷ iscƛ̓aʔám.	kʷ	i-	sc-ƛ̓aʔá+m	Now I've come to get you.
way̓ kʷ scx̌lítəms yaʔ ylmíxʷəm.	kʷ	-s	ks-captíkʷl+m	The king sent for you.
ixíʔ uɬ iscƛ̓aʔám iksx̌áq̓əq̓.	Ø	i-	sc-ƛ̓aʔá+m	I came to collect my pay.

Nominalized transitive stems As described above, transitive stems can be made intransitive (nominalized) and inflected as double intransitives.

In this chart I give examples of each of the five types of nominalized transitives. As shown in the chart, the +nt+m forms surface as +n+m. All such pattern as strong stems, with stress on the root. The +tuɬt+m forms, as already pointed out, are always suffix-stressed (weak stems). The other nominalized transitives have both strong and weak stems as indicated.

trans	example in context	kʷu set	i- set	transitive stem	+m	translation
+nt (strong)	lut kʷu akskmálx̌aʔmnəm.	kʷu	a-	ks-k+málx̌aʔ+m+n(t)	+m	Don't lie about me!
+nt (strong)	t̓i istkʷəsəscínəmnəm.	Ø	i-	s-t+kʷs•scin+m+n(t)	+m	I was just joking with him.
+st (strong)	kʷu ascpáqmstəm.	kʷu	a-	sc-paq+m+st	+m	You punished me.
+st (strong)	kʷ iksk̓ʷúl̕əmstəm.	kʷ	i-	ks-k̓ʷul̕+m+st	+m	I’m going to make you work.
+st (weak)	kʷ iksxaʔtəmstím.	kʷ	i-	ks-xaʔt+m+st	+im	I’ll take care of you first.
+st (weak)	asqilxʷ nixʷ ilíʔ akstkxnəmstím.	Ø	a-	ks-t+kxn+m+st	+im	Put your Indianness along with it.
+ɬt (strong)	kʷ iksɬkím̓ɬtəm anlasmíst.	kʷ	i-	ks-ɬkím̓+ɬt	+m	I'm going to sew your shirt.
+ɬt (strong)	taɬt kʷu akɬʔúkʷɬtəm.	kʷu	a-	k-ɬ+ʔúkʷ+ɬt	+m	Bring it back to me!
+ɬt (weak)	lut kʷ t̓ iksɬək̓ʷɬtím astətməlscút.	kʷ	i-	ks-ɬk̓ʷ+ɬt	+im	I’m not going to string your beads.
+ɬt (weak)	cəm̓ ɬlaʔkín kʷ ikɬm̓ay̓ɬtím.	kʷ	i-	kɬ-m̓ay̓+ɬt	+im	Some other time I’ll tell you again.
+xt (strong)	kʷ iksənɬəxʷpúsxtəm.	kʷ	i-	ks-n+ɬxʷ+pus+xt	+m	I’m going to boil it for you.
+xt (strong)	kʷu aksk̓ʷúl̕xtəm t ikɬcítxʷ.	kʷu	a-	ks-k̓ʷúl̕+xt	+m	I want you to fix a house for me.
+xt (weak)	kʷ ikst̓uʔqxítəm	kʷ	i-	ks-t̓uʔq+xít	+m	I am going to break a piece for you.
+xt (weak)	axáʔ kʷ iksk̓əɬpaʔx̌xítəm	kʷ	i-	ks-k̓ɬ+paʔx̌+xít	+m	I’m going to give you something to think about.
+tuɬt (weak)	ixíʔ aksqʷəlqʷəltúɬtəm	Ø	a-	ks-qʷl•qʷl+tuɬt	+m	You want to teach your children about it.
+tuɬt (weak)	lut akskʷəlstúɬtəm	Ø	a-	kʷls+tuɬt	+m	Don’t send him after it!

Intransitive stems. The simplest intransitive stem is a 3rd person (marked by Ø) form. A few of these can occur without accompanying adjuncts (and form sentences), e.g. nis s/he is gone; k̓aw it’s gone; xʷuy s/he left. The norm is that an apposition or other adjunct(s) accompany an intransitive stem.

The major subcategories of intransitive stems are defined by their suffixes, for example +cut reflexive, +ils volitive, +imn habitual, +mist reflexive, +min instrumental, +nwixʷ reciprocal, +tn instrumental, +wilx developmental, +uɬ habitual. The labels are approximations, and I prefer to refer to each of these stems by its marker, thus, +cut stems, +ils stems, etc. All of them can be accessed from the "categories" tab in the online dictionary. Each will be discussed in detail in the reference grammar.

The formation of stems. While stems may consist only of a root, the norm is that suffixes and prefixes participate in the formation of stems. By way of example here I chart stems that consist of the root √kc, the suffix +x and one of four common prefixes that derive stems, to wit k+/t+; n+; k̓ɬ+; kɬ+. Stems with the directional prefixes c+ this way, ɬ+ back; again, and the combination ɬc+ back here are integrated in the list as daughters of the subentries with one of the four prefixes listed above, as are stems with lexical prefixes.

(+)root(+)	stem		approximate gloss
	extended intransitive	extended transitive
kic		c+kic+nt	bring s.t.
		ɬ+kic+nt	reach s.t. again
		ɬ+c+kic+nt	reach s.t. back here
kic+x			arrive some place
		kic+x+ɬt	get s.t. some place for ...
		kic+x+st	get s.t. or s.o. some place
	ɬ+kic+x		arrive back
		ɬ+kic+x+ɬt	take s.t. back
		ɬ+kic+x+st	take s.t. back
	c+kic+x		arrive here
		c+kic+x+ɬt	bring s.t. here
		c+kic+x+st	bring s.t. here
	ɬ+c+kic+x		arrive here again
t+kic		t+kic+nt	meet s.o.
	ɬ+t+kic	ɬ+t+kic+nt	meet s.o. again
	t+kc•kc nwixʷ		catch up with one another
n+kc	n+kckn̓aɬq		catch up with s.t. or s.o.
	n+kckn̓+wixʷ		overtake one another, meet
n+kc+x	n+kc+xus		reach a certain time
	ɬ+n+kc+xus		complete a cycle again
	n+kc+xiw̓s		fall in with, mingle
	ɬ+n+kc+xiw̓s		in the midst of again
k̓ɬ+kic		k̓ɬ+kic+nt	get to s.t. or s.o.
		k̓ɬ+kic+st	get to s.t. or s.o.
k̓ɬ+kic+x			manage to arrive
		k̓ɬ+kic+x+st	manage to take s.t. somewhere

Compound stems. Intransitive, middle, and transitive stems may be compounds, i.e. stems that include two roots. Numerals above ten are compound intransitive stems, e.g. ʔupənkstɬkaʔɬís thirteen. sq̓əlq̓əlsc̓ímx one with arthritis and spəx̌pəx̌ɬk̓ʷúl̕mən computer are nominalized intransitive compound stems. nk̓ʷsiwsnt drink in one gulp is a transitive compound stem. km̓sqlaw̓m to take away money or reward; to obtain money without working for it is a compound middle stem.

Most compounds include as first member a small number of roots, to wit k̓ʷl make, do; wy̓ finish, xaʔt first, ʔaw, k̓aw go, taʔxʷ and its variant taw, obtain; slxʷaʔ large; here exemplified in a chart.

base root	compound stem	gloss	stemType
k̓ʷl	k̓ʷl̕ɬtanm̓úsm	squander	Mstem
	k̓ʷl̕tk̓k̓xʷumst	roll s.t. into a ball	Tstem
	k̓ʷl̕ckʷink	make a bow	Istem
wy̓	wy̓sk̓ɬpaʔx̌nt	finish deliberating	Tstem
	wy̓sx̌ʷíc̓laʔxʷm	finish cutting s.t.	Mstem
	wy̓sx̌cmncut	finish getting ready	Istem
xaʔt	xaʔtɬwíknt	see s.t. for the first time	Tstem
	xaʔtɬqʷlqʷílt	be the first to talk	Istem
ʔaw/k̓aw	ʔawsk̓ʷúl̕nt	go tend to s.t	Tstem
	ʔawsk̓ɬchám	go set watch	Mstem
	ʔawsʔíɬn	go eat	Istem
	k̓awsʔíɬn	go eat	Istem
	k̓awsk̓níyaʔ	go listen	Istem
	k̓awsk̓níyaʔ	go listen	Istem
	k̓awsm̓aʔm̓áyaʔm	go to school	Mstem
taʔxʷ/taw	tawspikst	obtain gloves	Istem
	taʔxʷsl̕áx̌tmnt	acquire a friend	Tstem
	taʔxʷsqʷíylpm	get a bed of boughs	Mstem
	taʔxʷsqʷsíʔ	get a son	Istem
slxʷaʔ	slxʷaʔspuʔús	to be generous	Istem
	slxʷaʔsqílt	a large body	Istem

Particles will be discussed here.

The affixes of the Cv-Ok language divide in two classes: inflectional, and derivational. Derivational affixes include a subclass of lexical affixes.

Inflectional affixes divide into these subclasses:

• person markers
• tense and aspect
• mood

The person markers of the language form heterogeneous sets of affixes and inflectional proclitic particles.

Here I discuss and exemplify the affixes that mark person reference. The inflectional proclitic markers (first person singular and plural objects) are discussed in the particle section.

The paradigms of the person marking affixes are:

• i- set of intransitive person markers.
• in- set of intransitive person markers
• a set of transitive subject person markers, labeled erg.
• two sets of transitive object marker, labeled obj. The -s "second person object" occurs with the +nt and +ɬt transitive stems; the -um "second person object" occurs with the +st and +x(i)t transitive stems.

entry	variant	gloss	definition	example	translation
i-		1i	first person singular of the i- paradigm	iswíkəm	What I have seen.
a-		2i	second person singular of the i- paradigm	aksknxítəm	You will help.
-s	-c	3i	third person singular of the i- paradigm	ksm̓aʔm̓áyaʔms	She's teaching him.
-c	-s	3i	variant of -s third person of the i- paradigm after stems that end in s	ɬəɬnísc	He left again.
-tt		4i	first person plural of the i- paradigm	sk̓ʷúl̕əmtət	Let's do it.
-mp	-p	5i	second person plural of the i- paradigm	kɬxəwíɬəmp	Your way to get out.
-p	-mp	5i	variant of -mp second person plural of the i- paradigm after m	kʷu səc̓amnámp	You are feeding me.
i-	in-	1in	first person singular of the in- paradigm	inɬɬáxʷ	My dress
i-	in-	1in	1in n-less variant of in- first person singular of the in- paradigm before stems that begin with s, n, and kin terms that begin in ɬ	iɬqáqca	My older brother
an-	a-	2in	second singular of the in- set of paradigm	ank̓ʷúl̕tən	Your birthday.
a-	an-	2in	n-less variant of in- first person singular of the in- paradigm before stems that begin with s, n, and kin terms that begin in ɬ	aɬqáqcaʔ	Your older brother.
-s	-c	3in	third person singular of the in- paradigm	iʔ kilxs	Her hand.
-c	-s	3in	3in third person singular of the in- paradigm after stems that end in s, ɬ	iʔ captíkʷɬc.	Its story.
-tt		4in	first person plural of the in- paradigm	iʔ sqílxʷtət	Our people.
-mp	-p	5in	second person plural of the i- paradigm	iʔ st̓ík̓ləmp	Your food.
-p	-mp	5in	second person plural of the in- paradigm after m	iʔ sc̓imp	Your bones.
-in	-n	1erg	first person singular transitive subject marker	ckʷəntín	I pulled it.
-n	-in	1erg	vowelless variant of -in first person transitive subject marker	ʔíp̓ən	I wiped it.
-aʕn	-in, -n	1erg	variant of the first singular transitive subject marker with pharyngeal movement	mələntáʕn	I put (butter) on it.
-ixʷ	-xʷ	2erg	second person singular transitive subject marker	ƛ̓aʔntíxʷ	You fetched it.
-xʷ	-ixʷ	2erg	vowelless variant of the second person singular transitive subject marker	wíkəntxʷ	You saw it.
-aʕxʷ	-ixʷ	2erg	variant of the second person singular transitive subject marker with pharyngeal movement	c̓ənmstáʕxʷ	You tightened it.
-is	-s	3erg	third person singular transitive subject marker	t̓ləntís	He tore it.
-s	-is	3erg	vowelless variant of the third person singular transitive subject marker	kʷu cus	She told me.
-aʕs	-is	3erg	variant of the third person transitive subject marker with pharyngeal movement	p̓əc̓ntáʕs	He sprayed it.
-im	-m	4erg	first person plural transitive subject marker	xʷaʔntím	We pick it up.
-m	-im	4erg	vowelless variant of the first person plural subject of transitive stems	ksmipnúntəm	We will learn it.
-it	-t	4erg	variant of the first person plural transitive subject marker in forms with second person singular object	c̓əlxəntsít	We grabbed you.
-ip	-p	5erg	second person plural transitive subject marker	cmystip	You all know
-p	-ip	5erg	vowelless variant of the second person plural transitive subject marker	kʷu cuntp	You told me.
-um	-m	2obj	second person singular object of the +st and +x(i)t paradigms	ctk̓əlk̓əlstúms	They have been expecting you.
-m	-um	2obj	vowelless variant of the second person singular object of the +st and +x(i)t paradigms	qʷim̓ˑstmən	I surprised you.
-s		2obj	second person singular object of the +nt and +ɬt transitive paradigms	cuntsn	I said to you.
-s		3erg2obj	third person subject and second person object of transitive forms (the coalescence of -s-s)	tk̓ík̓tmnts	She's near you.
-im	-m	6erg4obj	third person plural subject and first person plural object	kʷu ƛ̓xʷəntím	They will kill us.
-m	-im	6erg4obj	vowelless variant of the third person plural subject and first person plural object	kʷu nkcníkəntəm	They might overtake us.
-ɬulm	-ɬm	5obj	second person plural object of transitive stems	kəxɬúlmən	I'll go with you.
-ɬm	-ɬulm	5obj	vowelless variant of second person plural object of transitive stems	ɬwíɬmən	I'm leaving you.
-im	-m	indef	the passive or indefinite marker: an indefinite agent acting on a subject patient	t̓k̓ʷəntím sənk̓líp	Coyote was given (the responsibility)
-m	-im	indef	the passive or indefinite marker: an indefinite agent acting on a subject patient	kʷu səck̓ʷənk̓ʷínəm	We are being studied.

The classes of the tense/aspect morphemes of the language are:

• actual (act)
• customary (cust)
• durative (dur)
• future (fut)
• habitual (hab)
• imperfective (impf)
• inceptive (incp)
• perfective (perf)
• progressive (prog)
• purpose (purp)

entry	variant	gloss	definition	example	translation
i-		1i	first person singular of the i- paradigm	iswíkəm	What I have seen.
a-		2i	second person singular of the i- paradigm	aksknxítəm	You will help.
-s	-c	3i	third person singular of the i- paradigm	ksm̓aʔm̓áyaʔms	She's teaching him.
-c	-s	3i	variant of -s third person of the i- paradigm after stems that end in s	ɬəɬnísc	He left again.
-tt		4i	first person plural of the i- paradigm	sk̓ʷúl̕əmtət	Let's do it.
-mp	-p	5i	second person plural of the i- paradigm	kɬxəwíɬəmp	Your way to get out.
-p	-mp	5i	variant of -mp second person plural of the i- paradigm after m	kʷu səc̓amnámp	You are feeding me.
in-	in-	1in	variant of in- first person singular of the in- paradigm before stems that begin with s, n, and kin terms that begin in ɬ	inɬɬáxʷ	My dress
i-	in-	1in	1in n-less variant of in- first person singular of the in- paradigm before stems that begin with s, n, and kin terms that begin in ɬ	iɬqáqca	My older brother
an-	a-	2in	second person singular of the in- set of paradigm	ank̓ʷúl̕tən	Your birthday.
a-	an-	2in	variant of in- first person singular of the in- paradigm before stems that begin with s, n, and kin terms that begin in ɬ	aɬqáqcaʔ	Your older brother.
-s	-c	3in	third person singular of the in- paradigm	iʔ kilxs	Her hand.
-c	-s	3in	third person singular of the in- paradigm after stems that end in s, ɬ	iʔ captíkʷɬc.	Its story.
-tt		4in	first person plural of the in- paradigm	iʔ sqílxʷtət	Our people.
-mp	-p	5in	second person plural of the in- paradigm	iʔ st̓ík̓ləmp	Your food.
-mp	-p	5in	second person plural of the i- paradigm	kɬc̓q̓ílnəmp	Your arrows to be.
-p	-mp	5in	second person plural of the in- paradigm after m	iʔ sc̓imp	Your bones.
-in	-n	1erg	first person singular transitive subject marker	ckʷəntín	I pulled it.
-n	-in	1erg	vowelless variant of -in first person transitive subject marker	ʔíp̓ən	I wiped it.
-aʕn	-in, -n	1erg	variant of the first singular transitive subject marker with pharyngeal movement	mələntáʕn	I put (butter) on it.
-ixʷ	-xʷ	2erg	second person singular transitive subject marker	ƛ̓aʔntíxʷ	You fetched it.
-xʷ	-ixʷ	2erg	vowelless variant of the second person singular transitive subject marker	wíkəntxʷ	You saw it.
-aʕxʷ	-ixʷ	2erg	variant of the second person singular transitive subject marker with pharyngeal movement	c̓ənmstáʕxʷ	You tightened it.
-is	-s	3erg	third person singular transitive subject marker	t̓ləntís	He tore it.
-s	-is	3erg	vowelless variant of the third person singular transitive subject marker	kʷu cus	She told me.
-aʕs	-is	3erg	variant of the third person transitive subject marker with pharyngeal movement	p̓əc̓ntáʕs	He sprayed it.
-im	-m	4erg	first person plural transitive subject marker	xʷaʔntím	We pick it up.
-m	-im	4erg	vowelless variant of the first person plural subject of transitive stems	ksmipnúntəm	We will learn it.
-it	-t	4erg	variant of the first person plural transitive subject marker in forms with second person singular object	c̓əlxəntsít	We grabbed you.
-ip	-p	5erg	second person plural transitive subject marker	cmystip	You all know
-p	-ip	5erg	vowelless variant of the second person plural transitive subject marker	kʷu cuntp	You told me.
-um	-m	2obj	second person singular object of the +st and +x(i)t paradigms	ctk̓əlk̓əlstúms	They have been expecting you.
-m	-um	2obj	vowelless variant of the second person singular object of the +st and +x(i)t paradigms	qʷim̓ˑstmən	I surprised you.
-s		2obj	second person singular object of the +nt and +ɬt transitive paradigms	cuntsn	I said to you.
-s		3erg2obj	third person subject and second person object of transitive forms (the coalescence of -s-s)	tk̓ík̓tmnts	She's near you.
-im	-m	6erg4obj	third person plural subject and first person plural object	kʷu ƛ̓xʷəntím	They will kill us.
-m	-im	6erg4obj	vowelless variant of the third person plural subject and first person plural object	kʷu nkcníkəntəm	They might overtake us.
-ɬulm	-ɬm	5obj	second person plural object of weak (suffix stressed) transitive stems	kəxɬúlmən	I'll go with you.
-ɬm	-ɬulm	5obj	vowelless variant of second person plural object of transitive stems	ɬwíɬmən	I'm leaving you.
-im	-m	indef	the passive or indefinite marker: an indefinite agent acting on a subject patient	t̓k̓ʷəntím sənk̓líp	Coyote was given (the responsibility)
-m	-im	indef	the passive or indefinite marker: an indefinite agent acting on a subject patient	kʷu səck̓ʷənk̓ʷínəm	We are being studied.

Mood to be added

Derivational affixes to be added

Lexical affixes are bound forms with lexical meanings that map the natural and cultural world of the Cv-Ok. The language includes a dozen or more lexical prefixes; more than one hundred mono-morphemic lexical suffixes and more than four dozen sequences of lexical suffixes. Generally, prefixes cover the social aspect of life, and suffixes the physical world.

In this chart I list the skeletal affix (without its vowel(s)); its variants; and the approximate gloss(es). The variants include stressed and unstressed forms, and diminutive forms, these marked by the infix +aʔ+ added after the first consonant of the suffix.

Lexical prefixes
entry	variant(s)	gloss(es)
hɬ	haɬ; hɬ	family, homogenous group
k	k; t; tk	person
k̓l		better
ml		recklessly or indiscriminately
p	yp; ʔip	on the way there
pʔ	puʔ	wife
py̓	piʔ	at (the) time of; on the way
qʔɬ	qaʔɬ	family; offspring; part X
sxʷ		one who does X
t(k)	k; t; tk	person
ts		intensifying notion
t̓ʔ	t̓iʔ	late (deceased)
yp	ip; yp	on the way there

Lexical suffixes
entry	variant(s)	gloss(es)
cn	can; can̓; caʕn; ci; cin; cn; cn̓	mouth, food, voice, edge
cnkst	cnikst	wrist
cnnk	cnink	belly
cns	cnus	?
cntkʷ	cnitkʷ	the edge of the water
cnxn	cinxn	ankle
c̓ʔ	ác̓aʔ; áʕc̓aʔ; c̓aʔ; ic̓; íc̓aʔ	surface; hide; (body) cover, outer cover
c̓sq̓t	ic̓asq̓t	cold day
kn	ik; ikn; ikn̓; k; kiʔ; kn; kn̓	back (anatomy); top layer; crust; surface; ice; fence
kn̓ɬq	kn̓aɬq	behind a person
kn̓ɬxʷ	kn̓iɬxʷ	outside the house
knxn	iknxn	sole of foot
kst	aks(t); ákaʔst; aʕkst; íkaʔst; ik(st); ks(t)	hand; arm; fingers; leaves; rattle
kxt	ikxt	manipulation, way of doing
kʷp	kʷp	fire
k̓ʷʔkst	k̓ʷʔikst	hand hold
lmxʷ	ulmxʷ	people
ln	iln; ln	arrow
lntyʔ	lnútyaʔ	weapon
lp	lup	place
lp	ílaʔp; ilp; lp	bed, foundation, floor
lp(s)	alp; alps; ilps; ílaʔps; lps	neck
lpstxn	ilpstxn	(a person's) lap
lp̓	lp̓	firewood
lqs	alqs; al̕qs; aʕlqs; lqs	clothes, dress (referring primarily to women’s clothes); in women's names
lqskst	lqsikst	elbow
lqʷ	álaʔqʷ; alqʷ; al̕qʷ; áʕlaʔqʷ; aʕlqʷ; lalqʷ; laʔqʷ; lqʷ	cylindrical object; body; tree
lqʷks(t)	lqʷiks(t)	wrist, arm
lqʷpqn	lqʷpqn	?
lqʷw̓stxn	lqʷaw̓stxn; lqʷaʕw̓stxn	down the leg
lqʷxn	aʕlqʷxn	cylindrical object
lqʷʔ	álqʷaʔ	up to the shore; shore of a river; across a line
ls	als; ílaʔs; ils; ls; lils; liʔls	stomach, feel(ing); thought; company
lsct	lscaʕt; lscut	appurtenances, clothes, belongings
lstn	ilstn	weapon
lsxn	ilsxn	forehead; hair
lt	ílaʔt; ilt; il̕t; lt; ltílaʔt	child(ren); offspring
lt	lut	partner, co-
ltn	iltn; ltn	stomach, food, meat
lxʷ	alxʷ; aʕlxʷ; ilxʷ; lxʷ	coat, body covering
lx̌qn	alx̌qn	head (?)
lʔ	ílaʔ	?
lʔk̓	ílaʔk̓	wood
lʔs	áliʔs; íliʔs	group; relatives; relation
lʔxʷ	áʕlaʔxʷ; laʔxʷ úlaʔxʷ	earth, land, soil, ground
lʔxʷlp	laʔxʷílp	a surface
ɬc̓ʔ	áɬc̓aʔ; áʕɬc̓aʔ; íɬc̓aʔ; ɬc̓aʔ	single enclosure; body; inside
ɬmlx	aɬmlx; aʕɬml̕x; aʕ̓ɬml̕x; iɬmlx	tree, bush, vine, plant
ɬn	iɬn	information, request
ɬnwt	ɬniwt	next to; side
ɬp	aɬp; íɬaʔp; iɬp; iʔɬp	bush, plant
ɬq	áɬaʔq; aɬq; ɬq	bushes; crop, fruit, harvest
ɬq̓t	ɬq̓it	shoulder
ɬqʷ	aɬqʷ	breeze
ɬtɬ(n)	ɬtiɬ; ɬtiɬn	unknown persons
ɬxn	aɬxn; asxn	wheel; tire
ɬxn	iɬxn	leg
ɬxʷ	áɬaʔxʷ; aɬxʷ; aʕɬxʷ; íɬaʔxʷ; iɬxʷ; ɬxʷ	house
ɬq̓ʷl(t)	aɬq̓ʷl; aɬq̓ʷlt	mouth, throat, neck, jaw
mc̓ʔ	ímc̓aʔ	?
mx	mix; mixʷ; mx	person
mxʷ	mxʷ	?
mʔ	maʔ	?
mʔscn	maʔscín	?
nk	an̓k; ínaʔk; ink; nk; n̓k	belly, stomack, innards, back
nkkst	nkikst; n̓kikst	palm of the hand
nklt	nkilt	?
nkɬxʷ	nkiɬxʷ	ceiling
nwln	nwiln	something
nwɬn	nwiɬn	knowledge or information
nxʷ	nxʷ; nuxʷ; uxʷ	weather; time; natural phenomenon
nʔ	ánaʔ; áʕnaʔ; ína; inaʔ; naʔ	surface, ear, side
nʔqn	ánaʔqn	the corner of the eye
nʔs	nʔus	eye
p	ap; ip; p	base; bottom end
p	ap; ip; p	egg; oval object; rope; tree
plʔ	áʕplaʔ; íplaʔ; plaʔ	handle
pɬxn	ápaʔɬxn; ípaʔɬxn; ipɬxn	heel; hoof
pn	pin	a single (?)
pnʔ	ípnaʔ	?
ps	ips	loop; hoop; neck
ps	ípaʔs; ips; paʔs	chin
ps	áʕpaʔs; ups; úpaʔs; s	tail,bottom
pw̓sqn	pw̓sqn	lips
pʔ(st)	ápaʔ(st); ípaʔst	testicles, ball(s)
pʔst	áʔpust; ípuʔst	step
pʔstxn	ípuʔstxn; pstxn	step, stride
qn	q; qin; qn; qn̓	head
qnkst	qinkst	finger
qnl	qnil; qniɬ; qnl	groin
qnɬxʷ	qniɬxʷ	the top of a house
qnps	qnups	?
qntkʷ	qnitkʷ	head of the water ?
qnxn	qínaʔxn̓; qinxn	toe; joint ?
qnʔ	qniʔ	bullet
q(s)	áqaʔs; aq(s)	wages, money, pay
qs	áqaʔs; aqs; aʕqs; qs	road, trail
qs	aqs; qs	nose, smell, (end) point
qs	aqs; qs	food
qstxn	aqstxn; aʕqstxn	hip, leg
qʷxn	qʷxn	straight leg
s	aʕs; s; us	eye; face; head; neck; small round object
sk	sk	voice
sk̓t	ísk̓it; ísk̓iʔt; sk̓iʔt	throat; pharynx; windpipe
slp̓	islp̓; slp̓	firewood
slqʷ	salqʷ	story
sɬc̓ʔ	sáʕɬc̓aʔ	glass; transparent
(s)mxʷ	imxʷ; simxʷ	nipple; breast(s)
sqx̌ʔ	sqáx̌aʔ	horse; stock
sq̓l̕s	asq̓l̕s	?
sq̓t	asq̓t; assq̓t; aʕsq̓t	sky; rain; day
st	aʕst	?
st̓y	íst̓yaʔ; st̓ya	grass
sw̓s+txn	siw̓s+txn	the back of the leg
(s)xn	asxn; axn; áʕsxn	ply board; sheet; page
sxn	aʕsxn; ísaʔxn; isx; isxn; sx; sxn; sxn̓	rock; small round object
tk	aʔtk	expanse (of space or time)
(t)kʷ	atkʷ; aʕtkʷ; ikʷ; ítaʔkʷ; itkʷ; kʷ; tkʷ	water
ttkʷ	titkʷ	bathtub
tyʔ	útyaʔ	makeshift; approximate; hand-made
wl	aw̓l	?
wl	iwl; iwɬ; wl	boat, conveyance; water creature
wɬ	iwl; iwɬ; wiɬ	boat, conveyance; water creature
wɬn	wiɬn	?
w(s)	áwaʔs; aw̓s; aʕw̓s; iw̓s; íw̓aʔs; w̓; w̓s	middle; center; across; halfway, midway
wt	iwt; íwaʔt; wit; wt	step; place
wyʔ	wyaʔ	?
w̓cyʔ	w̓ícyaʔ	?
w̓scn	w̓scin	across the edge
w̓skn̓	w̓sikn̓	the middle
w̓skn̓qs	w̓sknaqs	nose
w̓slqʷ	w̓salqʷ	midway up a tree or s.t. cylindrical
w̓slxʷ	w̓silxʷ	a matched coat
w̓slʔxʷ	w̓súlaʔxʷ	halfway; midway on the ground
w̓sqn	aw̓sqn; aʕw̓sqn	the top of the head; the mouth; lip
w̓ss	w̓sus	the middle of the face
w̓stxn	aw̓stxn; aʕw̓stxn	middle ?
w̓syʔqn	w̓sáyaʔqn	?
wt	íwaʔt; iwt; wt	place
xkn	ixkn	?
xn	xan; xaʕn; x xn	foot; leg
xnkst	xnikst	?
x̌(n)	ax̌; ax̌n; aʕx̌n; x̌; x̌n	arm, wing
x̌ʷck	ax̌ʷck	chest
ys	iys; iy̓s; iʔs	tooth; edge; rain, snow
ystxn	yustxn	foot
yʔ	áyaʔ; yaʔ	pretend; makeshift; not serious
yʔ	íyaʔ	?
yʔ	úyaʔ	?
yʔlqs	yaʔálqs	?
yʔqn	áyaʔqn; yaʔqn	top of the head
ʔpst	áʔpust; íʔpust	crotch
ʔst	aʔst; iʔst	arrow; bullet; weapon
ʔst	iʔst	manage to; accidentally do
ʔstn	iʔstn	?
ʔtk	aʔtk; tk	time

Phrasal entries are entries that include two or three elements (words). More than two hundred entries in the dictionary consist of two or three lexical items: particles and stems, the latter with or without inflectional morphology. Place names are often phrasal, e.g. ntixʷcks nc̓iʔcn, Oliver, lit. Wolf's tongue, where the first stem is inflected for third person possessive. Stem plus particle entries are also common, for example iʔ aʔksnmán̓xʷtn place name. Many botanical terms are also phrasal, commonly consisting of two stems and a particle, e.g. x̌áʕx̌aʕ ɬaʔ ksp̓aqʷstn puffball. And so are a variety of other entries, e.g. kʷil t̓ix̌ ace of diamonds; xiʔmíx stim̓ anything; xiʔmíx swit anybody. More common are entries consisting of two particles (where the line between "phrasal entry" and "amalgam" is blurred), e.g. uɬ iʔ and then; xʷm t̓i looks like. Here is a link to more on phrasal entries .